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EBE Chapter 17

Title: "Biblical History 1"
Answered by James Patrick Holding

Description: Old and New Testament Fallacies, Jesus' Trial and Execution, Population, Liberalism, Forty. The first of two chapters on general Bible history. Most of the items brought up re Trial/Execution have already been addressed in our piece on that subject; we will not rehash objections, but will point to a couple of "new" ones. We will not defend part 4, a critique of liberal Christianity, nor address part 5, which is simply a smart-remark paragraph on how often the number 40 appears in the Bible - which says not a thing re the history of the events concerned, and in some cases ignores the matter of typological use of numbers (as in, Jesus stayed forty days in the wilderness on purpose to mirror the Exodus). Moreover, here is how often certain numbers are used in the Bible, without concern for multiple references to the same event or with exclusion of phrases like "forty and two": Forty, 157 times; fifty, 157 times (yes, the same!); thirty, 174 times; twenty, 293 times!

We shall leave part 3 on population figures in the Bible for Glenn Miller's response to the 5-fold challenge regarding certain aspects of the Exodus, and our own here.


OT Fallacies

1. Gen. 5:32

2. Gen. 10:5

3. Gen. 11:26

4. Exodus 1:15-6

5. Ex. 12:40, etc.

6. Num. 14:33

7. Complaints about the miracles of the sun standing still in Joshua and going backwards in 2 Kings; see here.

8. 1 Sam. 15:7-8

9. 1 Sam. 17:54


10. 1 Kings 5:15-16

11. 1 Kings 6:1, etc.

12. 1 KIngs 10:14

13. 1 Kings 16:23, 28-9

14. 2 Kings 15:19

15. 2 Kings 18:1 -- McKinsey's assumption here is based on the idea that Hoshea's reign is dated to 731-728 BC, but since he does not prove this or cite a source, no answer can be properly made.


16. 2 Kings 19:35 That night the angel of the LORD went out and put to death a hundred and eighty-five thousand men in the Assyrian camp. When the people got up the next morning--there were all the dead bodies!

It is claimed "incredible" that the army was killed, and that "its members arise the next morning to find that each of them is dead." McKinsey is playing with vague KJV syntax again - as the NIV makes clear, it is the "people" (of Jerusalem) who got up and did this.


17. 1 Chron. 22:14 - More complaints about excessive amounts of gold; see linked essay.


18. 2 Chron. 2:12

19. 2 Chron. 7:5

20. 2 Chron. 21:20

21. Ezra 1:2

22. Is. 44:14

23. Is. 44:28. Simple dismissal of predictive prophecy.


24. Dan. 5:30-1

25. Dan. 5:2. Ditto.


26. Exodus 12:40


NT Fallacies

1. Matthew 2:1

2. Standard objections to the Slaughter of the Innocents

3. Matt. 2:22 But when he heard that Archelaus was reigning in Judea in place of his father Herod, he was afraid to go there. Having been warned in a dream, he withdrew to the district of Galilee...

It is asked why Galilee would be more secure since a son of Herod reined there also. Does our subject think that these two Herodians were exactly alike? No, Archy was as cruel as his father and had to be deposed fairly quickly, whereas Antipas was more able and ruled for a considerable period.


4. Matt. 8:32 He said to them, "Go!" So they came out and went into the pigs, and the whole herd rushed down the steep bank into the lake and died in the water.

It is asked what swine were doing in Judea or Galilee where they were prohibited. Our subject here is as insensate as Voltaire, whom he refers to in the matter: Verse 28 previous clearly indicates that this event was in the region of the Gadarenes - Gentile territory.


5. Standard objection re the identity of Zacharias in Matt. 23:35; see rebuttal

6. Matt. 27:38 Two robbers were crucified with him, one on his right and one on his left.

Using the KJV, which refers to "thieves," our subject objects that thievery was not a capital offense in Rome or punished by crucifixion. He is confusing modern categories with the Greek word used here, leistes, which refers to a much more serious and complex crime that includes brigandage - which was indeed a "crucifiable" offense.


7. Simple denigration of the raising of dead saints in Matt. 27:51-53 (on this, Glenn Miller's page), with additional playing with the KJV language, noting that there were no "saints" in Judaism. There were, however, what this verse says in the Greek - hagios, which modern versions render "holy people".


8. Doubts the historicity of John the Baptist and even suggests that the passage in Josephus about him is an interpolation! Not even Earl Doherty goes this far!


9. Mark 7:31


10. Mark 14:3 While he was in Bethany, reclining at the table in the home of a man known as Simon the Leper...

Regarded as "highly improbable, since lepers could not legally live in the cities." No source is cited for this claim (it may be one of those later Mishnah rules), but even if it is true, Bethany was a village - not a city.


11. Doubts the historicity of the darkness at the Crucifixion, saying it is not mentioned by any secular historian of the period, with no reference made to Thallus. (See here.)


12. Mark 15:46

13. Luke 2:46 After three days they found him in the temple courts, sitting among the teachers, listening to them and asking them questions.

Objected to on the grounds that "Not until the time of Gamaliel in the middle of the first century A.D. was a child allowed to sit in the presence of rabbis." Once again, no source is offered for the information, which MAY be from the Mishnah, but in any event: 1) These are only "teachers," not rabbis; 2) Jesus was twelve at the time (2:42) and would not have been considered a "child" according to the Jewish custom of the day.


14. Luke23:12 That day Herod and Pilate became friends--before this they had been enemies.

Regarded as untrue because Herod and Pilate were still enemies as shown by the fact that "Herod was continually plotting to unite his Galilee with Pilate's Judea" - a statement (again!) given without any source, but even if true, irrelevant to the matter of personal relations between the two men, as opposed to political.


15. Citing Luke 23:33, an objection that Jesus would have been stoned, not crucified, if he had been executed by Jews. Neither this verse nor the Gospels say that he was tried, convicted or executed by Jews at all.


16. John 2:20

17. John 11:49

18. John 11:51-2 He did not say this on his own, but as high priest that year he prophesied that Jesus would die for the Jewish nation, and not only for that nation but also for the scattered children of God, to bring them together and make them one.

Objected - again with no source cite - that "Jews knew that prophesying was not a privilege or part of the high priest's office...It would have been foreign to the Jewish mind and for even one person to have been put to death to save all of Israel would have been murder." We may reply: 1) The above did not serve to prevent the high priest from issuing a prophecy at all; 2) the latter part fails to consider the political issue at stake. What Caiaphas said would have been said of any perceived rebel that would have endangered Jewish freedom; however, John viewed this statement ironically and in hindsight.


19. John 13:38 Then Jesus answered, "Will you really lay down your life for me? I tell you the truth, before the rooster crows, you will disown me three times!"

It is written: "Scholar English says cocks were not allowed in Jerusalem at that time." Who this "English" is, and what his source for this data is, is unknown: He is not listed in the bibliography. However, even if true - and I know of no evidence that it is - this would not stop someone OUTSIDE the walls of Jerusalem from owning such a bird - where it could have been clearly heard on a still night INSIDE. (For more, see Glenn Miller's item here.)

Update 3/20/07: Tekton Research Assistant Punkish has found this one; here's his report:

This is one George Bethune English, 1787-1828. He was qualified in theology, was a critic of Christianity and was also a poet and an adventurer. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_bethune_english

In 1813 he wrote a book called The Ground of Christianity Examined, and it is in this (chapter 16) I find the cock-crowing argument as follows:

That the author of that Gospel was ignorant of Jewish customs will be evident from the following circumstances. He says Jesus told Peter, that before the cock crew he would deny him thrice; and that afterwards, when Peter was cursing and swearing, saying "I know not the man! immediately the cock crew." Now it is unfortunate for the credit of this story, that it is well known, that in conformity with Jewish customs, at that time subsisting, no cocks were allowed to be in Jerusalem, where Jesus was apprehended. This is known, and acknowledged by learned Christians, who have extricated themselves from this difficulty, by proving that the crowing of the cock, here mentioned, does not mean, as it appears to mean, absolutely the crowing of a cock, but that it means--what dost thou think reader? why it means---the sound of a trumpet!!

I kid you not. The text of this book is online, part of Project Gutenberg: http://ftp.it.net.au/gutenberg/1/5/9/6/15968/15968-8.txt

Minor point: English is talking about the gospel of Matthew, not John. (which makes it all the more hilarious, of course & we still don't know the Jewish customs asserted. I'm probably going to look up Lardner & Warburton regarding the 'learned Christians' bit.)


20. Covered in trial piece.


21. Repeat of previous objection about thieves being crucified plus an incredibly ignorant assertion that the breaking of the legs was "a distinct mode of execution and was never combined with crucifixion." Tell that to the poor fellow named Yohanan, whose bones we have and which indicate that the two were indeed combined. See further Martin Hengel's monograph on crucifixion. McKinsey gets these sound bites from outdated sources like Remsburg without checking to see if they are still valid.


22. John 20:9 (They still did not understand from Scripture that Jesus had to rise from the dead.)

It is asked "what Scripture" this refers to, for the NT had not been written. It refers to the OT, not the NT, and while our subject would indeed argue with the interpretations, that is what John is referring to.

Another objection to this verse made in the newsletter protests from the KJV and other versions, which say that Jesus must "rise again", that this implies that Jesus was raised twice. In the 163rd newsletter, a letter-writer noted:

I've consulted other translations, and a Greek interlinear, and the word "again" is not present. If it's only an error in the translation within the KJV, then there's not really an error in the Bible, is there? If this is the case, why didn't you mention this in your book?

McKinsey replied:

One of the most common errors made by apologetic critics of the King James is their failure to compare it with other versions of Scripture. Rarely is this version out on a limb all by its lonesome as is so commonly alledged by many biblicists. You say you consulted a Greek interlinear and other translations, but did you read the American Standard Version of 1901 or the Bible in Basic English or the Living Bible of 1971 or the New American Standard Version of 1977. As the teen-agers of today would say, I think not. All have the word "again." The ASV and the NASB are especially powerful support for the King James. So now it becomes a question of whose source is more authoritative. Remember what I said long ago? You could be the world's greatest Greek/Hebrew scholar and still find experts disagreeing with your interpretation.

Further blather follows warning of impending chaos is such explanations are allowed, but such chaos only emerges from ignorance on our subject's level, and it seems that he is unaware that a Greek interlinear Bible is the authority that slams the door. The "again" here is not in the text; what is actually here is the word "rise" twice -- a standard method of emphasis upon the point being made in the Hebrew language. (See for other examples of this in Greek where our versions use "again" -- Matt. 2:8 and 7:6. The Greek word for "again", palin, is NOT used.)

Another writer added this in the 166th issue:

The Greek prefix an is similar to the Latin prefix re, which Jerome uses in his Vulgate: a mortuis resurgere. We have many English words derived from Latin which begin with the prefix re, like resurgent, resurrect, replace, restore, etc. The prefix re doesn't necessarily mean that the action had taken place before, any more than the word again. For example we can say, "The Book fell off the shelf, but I put it back again" or "Jesus died, but he rose again...."

And here, the hayseed in McKinsey responded:

You began by saying "The argument over the word again in John 20:9 in some translations seems to me to be a matter of usage rather than literal meaning." Apparently you are saying the word "again" does not mean the event is being repeated. But then you say, "The Greek prefix an is similar to the Latin prefix re, which Jerome uses in his Vulgate: a mortuis resurgere." The prefix "re" means again and all you are doing is providing evidence that those who used the English word "again" when they translated from the Greek were correct. You further verify the accuracy of their translation by saying, "We have many English words derived from Latin which begin with the prefix re, like resurgent, resurrect, replace, restore, etc." All of these words mean the event is happening more than once which provides additional support for use of the word "again" in the original translation. But then you say, "The prefix re doesn't necessarily mean that the action had taken place before, any more than the word again." It doesn't? I think it does. Your own examples which you subsequently submitted prove it does. You say, "For example we can say, 'The Book fell off the shelf, but I put it back again' or 'Jesus died, but he rose again'." These examples are clearly saying the act is being repeated. If no repetition were involved, then the word "again" could be omitted in each.

Aside from mixing a Latin prefix with an English one without being sure of their precisely correlating meaning, note our subject's weasel-shuffle in that last sentence: "could be omitted." He has as much admitted that there may be no error; in such cases context determines the issue, and it is clear here that the context demands an understanding of "again" in the sense the letter-writer has noted. This is yet another case of our McKinsey's ego being unable to withstand being found in error and grasping at any desperate straw to preserve his integrity.


23. Acts 3:21 He must remain in heaven until the time comes for God to restore everything, as he promised long ago through his holy prophets.

Playing with the KJV again, which renders the above "since the world began," our subject asks what prophet was living when the world began. The above from the NIV captures the literal sense more precisely.


24. Reference to the old Theudas problem

25. Reference to the problems of Stephen's speech compared to the OT; see here

26. Luke 3:1-2 In the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar--when Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, Herod tetrarch of Galilee, his brother Philip tetrarch of Iturea and Traconitis, and Lysanias tetrarch of Abilene--

Other than alluding to the old Annas/Caiaphas co-priesthood issue, our subject objects that 1) Lysanias had been dead for 34 years at this time, having been executed at the behest of Cleopatra; 2) Abilene was not a tetrarchy at this time. Our subject has apparently swallowed some badly outdated information on this subject: Inscriptional evidence has since confirmed that a "Lysanias the tetrarch" did rule in Abilene in the period c. 15-30 AD.


27. Reference to the census issue; see Glenn Miller's article


Jesus' Trial and Execution

There are 3 minor objections that can be considered that are not in our trial piece:

Item 2 doubts that "Son of the Blessed" was not a title used of the Christ, who was not seen as divine or blessed above others. This is simply unsubstantiated nonsense.

Item 8 says that "The Jewish scholar Maimonides" indicates that it would have been against Jewish law for Jesus to not have been given a lawyer. Good old "M" may be basing this on late Mishnah rules, but as we have observed, a) this was probably not an official trial; b) even if it was, that would not prevent rule-breaking.

Item 9 notes the mockery of the Roman soldiers and objects that "every lawyer knows Roman courts were models of decorum for a thousand years" and that scourging was done before execution, but never before conviction and sentencing. "Every lawyer" is not exactly a source for Roman history, which indicates that scourging was quite regularly done prior to conviction as either a means of eliciting a confession or as a means of discouragement - see the example of Jesus ben Ananias recorded in Josephus, for one.

Source

  1. Hob.2K -- Hobbs, T. R. 2 Kings. Waco: Word.


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