The Truthfulness of the Eyewitness Accounts as Presented in the Bible
目击者的报告的诚实依照被提出在圣经
By W. R. Miller
由W. R. Miller
A religion that claims to be true must be based upon truth. Christianity
not only claims to be true, it claims to be based upon actual historical
events. For Christianity to be true, it must be based upon actual
historical events.
声称是真实的宗教必须根据真相。 基督教不仅要求是真实的, 它声称根据实际历史事件。 为基督教是真实的, 它必须根据实际历史事件。
These events are chronicled in the Bible, a collection of over 60 documents
spanning over 1,500 years, written by over 40 authors including shepherds and
kings, fishermen and doctors, soldiers and lawyers. They all testified of
their experiences with the supreme Creator of the universe, and how, even
today, one can have a relationship with the Creator.
这些事件被记载在圣经, 60 个文件的一件收藏品跨过经过1,500 年, 写40 位作者包括牧羊人和国王, 渔夫和医生, 战士和律师。 他们全都作证他们的经验与宇宙的至尊创作者, 并且怎么, 平衡今天, 你可能与创作者有合作关系。
For those willing to investigate their testimonies, the following questions
arise: Did the Prophets and the Apostles report their experiences
accurately, or were they mistaken, or did they want to mislead their
readers? How can we accept their testimony as true? Why should we
trust them?
为那些愿调查他们的证词, 以下问题出现: 准确地做了先知和传道者报告他们的经验, 或是他们弄错, 或他们想误引他们的读者吗? 我们怎么可以接受他们的证词象真实? 为什么我们应该信任他们?
Skeptics contend, “You can’t quote the Bible to prove the Bible. That’s
circular reasoning!”
Which is like saying, “You can’t quote an encyclopedia to prove an encyclopedia. That’s circular reasoning!”
怀疑者角逐, “您无法引述圣经证明圣经。 那是圆推理!”这是象说, “您无法引述百科全书证明百科全书。 那是圆推理!”
Webster’s College Dictionary defines “encyclopedia” as “n. a book or set of
books containing articles on various topics, usually in alphabetical
arrangement, covering all branches of knowledge or all aspects of one subject.”
Encyclopedias contain articles written by multiple authors, purporting
information that can be verified.
Webster’s
College Dictionary作为”n 定义” 百科全书”。 书或套书包含文章在各种各样的题目, 通常在按字母顺序的安排, 报道知识所有分支或所有一个主题的方面。”百科全书包含文章由广泛作者写, 声称可能被核实的信息。
Webster’s College Dictionary defines “Bible” as “n. 1. The collection of
sacred writings of the Christian religion, comprising the Old and New
Testaments.”
Webster’s
College Dictionary作为”n 定义” 圣经”。 1. 基督徒宗教的神圣的文字的汇集, 包括老和新约。”
That’s right. Just like an encyclopedia, the Bible is a set of books, of
accounts written by multiple authors, purporting information that could be
verified. How so? That is what this essay will demonstrate.
那是不错。 象百科全书, 圣经是一套书, 帐户由广泛作者写, 声称能被核实的信息。 多么样? 那是什么这篇杂文将展示。
The books of the Bible were written by over 40 independent sources, which could
be verified, or disqualified, by contemporaries with the means, motive, and
opportunity to do so. When we study the books of the Bible, we
should apply the same standards as we would any historical document.
圣经的书被写了40 个独立来源, 哪些能被核实, 或不合格, 由当代以手段, 动机, 并且机会做如此。 当我们学习圣经的书, 我们应该运用和一样我们会任一个历史文件的标准。
“All Christianity asks of men on this subject, is that they would be consistent with themselves; that they would treat the evidence of other things; and that they would try and judge its actors and witnesses, as they deal with their fellow men, when testifying to human affairs and actions, in human tribunals,” writes Simon Greenleaf, one of the founders of Harvard Law School. “Let the witnesses be compared with themselves, with each other, and with surrounding facts and circumstances; and let their testimony be sifted, as if were given in a court of justice, on the side of the adverse party, the witness being subjected to a rigorous cross-examination.” [1]
“所有基督教问人在这个主题, 是那他们与他们自己会是一致的; 他们会对待其它事的证据; 并且那他们会审判和会判断它的演员和证人, 如同他们处理他们的人, 当作证对人的事理和行动, 在人的法庭,”写西蒙・Greenleaf, 哈佛法学院的创建者的当中一个。 “让证人与他们自己比较, 互相, 并且以周围的事实和情况; 并且让他们的证词被过滤, 好象被给了在法院, 在反对党的边, 证人被服从对严谨盘问。” [1]
The writers of the Biblical accounts invited critical analysis, as revealed in
1 Thessalonians 5:21; 1 John 4:1; and Revelation 2:2. They wanted people
to believe their testimony was true. It was imperative they provided
accurate, objective and truthful information, because lives were at
stake. Not just their lives, but the lives of those who received their
message.
圣经的帐户的作家邀请了重要分析, 依照显露在1 Thessalonians 5:21; 1 约翰4:1; 并且揭示2:2 。 他们要人相信他们的证词是真实的。 它是必要的他们提供了准确, 客观和真实的信息, 因为生活成败未定。 不仅他们的生活, 但那些生活收到他们的消息。
This essay isn’t a philosophical discussion. This is an examination of
the historical record and whether or not it’s valid. Keep in mind that,
while the evangelists professed the truth, they also reported historical
facts. So while the Bible addresses philosophical issues, it also reports
facts which, by definition, are synonymous with truth.
这篇杂文不是一次哲学讨论。 这是历史纪录的考试和是否它是合法的。 记住那, 当福音传教士公开宣称了真相, 他们并且报告了历史事实。 如此当圣经论及哲学问题, 它并且报告, 的事实 由定义, 是同义字的以真相。
Webster’s College Dictionary:
True: “adj. 1. Being in accordance with the actual state or conditions; conforming to reality or fact: a true story. 2. Real; genuine; authentic: true gold. 3. Sincere: not deceitful: a true interest in others. 4. Loyal; faithful; steadfast: a true friend. 5. Being or reflecting the essential or genuine character: the true meaning of his statement. 6. Conforming to or consistent with a standard, pattern, etc.: a true copy. 7. Exact; precise; accurate, correct: a true balance. 8. Such as it should be; proper: to arrange things in their true order. 9. Properly so called; rightly answering to a description: true statesmanship. 10. Legitimate or rightful: the true heir. 11. Reliable, unfailing, or sure: a true sign. 12. Exactly or accurately shaped, formed, fitted, or placed, as a surface or instrument. 13. Honest; honorable; upright. 14. Conforming to the type, structural standards, or norm of a particular group: The lion is a true cat.”
真实: “adj 。 1. 是与实际状态或条件符合; 符合现实或事实: 一个真实的故事。 2. 真正; 真正; 地道: 真实的金子。 3. 恳切: 不狡诈: 真实的兴趣在其他人。 4. 忠诚; 忠实; 坚定不移: 一个真实的朋友。 5. 是或反射根本或真正字符: 他的声明的真实的意思。 6. 符合或一致与标准, 样式, 等: 一个真实的拷贝。 7. 确切; 精确; 准确, 正确: 真实的平衡。 8. 譬如它应该是; 适当: 安排事在他们真实的次序。 9. 适当地所谓; 确实回答对描述: 真实的政治手腕。 10. 合法或正当: 真实的承继人。 11. 可靠, unfailing, 或肯定: 一个真实的标志。 12. 确切地或准确地塑造, 形成, 适合, 或安置, 作为表面或仪器。 13. 诚实; 高尚; 挺直。 14. 符合型, 结构标准, 或一个特殊小组的准则: 狮子是一只真实的猫。”
Truth: “n. 1. The true or actual state of a matter: to tell the truth. 2. Conformity with fact or reality; verity: to check the truth of a statement. 3. A verified or indisputable fact, proposition, principle, or the like: mathematical truths. 4. The state or character of being true. 5. Actuality or actual existence. 6. An obvious or accepted fact; truism; platitude. 7. Honesty; integrity; truthfulness. 8. (often cap.) ideal or fundamental reality apart from and transcending perceived experience. 9. Agreement with a standard or original. 10. Accuracy, as of position or adjustment.”
真相: “n 。 1. 事情的真实或实际状态: 讲真相。 2. 整合以事实或现实; 真理: 检查声明的真相。 3. 一个被核实的或无可争辩的事实, 提议, 原则, 或类似物: 数学真相。 4. 状态或字符是真实的。 5. 事实或实际存在。 6. 一个明显或被接受的事实; 公理; 平凡。 7. 诚实; 正直; 诚实。 8. (经常盖帽。) 理想或根本现实除之外和超越被察觉的经验。 9. 与标准的协议或原始。 10. 准确性, 位置或调整自。”
Fact: “n. 1. Something that actually exists; reality; truth: Your fears have no basis in fact. 2. Something known to exist or to have happened. 3. A truth known by actual experience or observation; something known to be true: scientific facts about plant growth. 4. Something said to be true or supposed to have happened. 5. An actual or alleged event or circumstance, as distinguished from its legal effect or consequence.” (Bold emphasis mine.)
事实: “n 。 1. 某事实际上存在; 现实; 真相: 您的恐惧没有依据实际上。 2. 某事已知存在或有发生过。 3. 真相由实际经验或观察已知; 某事已知是真实的: 关于植物生长的科学事实。 4. 某事说是真实或应该发生过。 5. 实际或涉嫌的事件或情况, 依照与它的法律作用或后果被区别。”(大胆的重点矿。)
This essay assumes the Scriptures we have are reliable copies of the
originals. For those who wish to explore why the copies we have
are reliable, check out the articles at the following links:
这篇杂文假设我们有的圣经是原物的可靠的拷贝。 为那些希望探索为什么我们有的拷贝是可靠的, 检查文章在以下链接:
用英语:
Jimmy Williams. “Are the Biblical Documents Reliable?” by Jimmy Williams
“圣经的文件是可靠的吗?”
http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/bib-docu.html
Dr. John Ankerberg, Dr. John Weldon. “The Historical Reliability of the New Testament Text” Part One
“新约文本的历史可靠性” 第部分一个
http://www.johnankerberg.org/Articles/editors-choice/EC0802W2.htm
Dr. John Ankerberg, Dr. John Weldon. “The Historical Reliability of the New Testament Text” Part Two
“新约文本的历史可靠性” 第部分二
http://www.johnankerberg.org/Articles/editors-choice/EC0902W2.htm
Dr. John Ankerberg, Dr. John Weldon. “The Historical Reliability of the New Testament Text” Part Three
“新约文本的历史可靠性” 第部分三
http://www.johnankerberg.org/Articles/editors-choice/EC1002W2.htm
Dr. John Ankerberg, Dr. John Weldon. “The Historical Reliability of the New Testament Text” Part Four
“新约文本的历史可靠性” 第部分四
http://www.johnankerberg.org/Articles/editors-choice/EC1102W2.htm
James Patrick Holding. “Textual Trysts: The Textual Reliability of the New Testament”
“原文约会: 新约的原文可靠性”
http://www.tektonics.org/lp/nttextcrit.html
Professor Greenleaf states, “In examining the evidence of the Christian religion, it is essential to the discovery of truth that we bring to the investigation a mind freed, as far as possible, from existing prejudice, and open to conviction. There should be a readiness, on our part, to investigate with candor to follow the truth wherever it may lead us, and to submit, without reserve or objection, to all the teachings of this religion, if it be found to be of divine origin.” [2]
Greenleaf 教授状态, “在审查基督徒宗教的证据, 它对我们带来给调查头脑被释放在真相的发现上是根本的, 尽可能的, 从现有的偏见, 并且对信念打开。 那里应该是准备, 在我们的部份, 调查以公正跟随真相无论哪里它也许带领我们, 并且递交, 没有储备或反对, 对这种宗教所有教学, 如果它被发现神的起源。”[2]
So, what proof is there that the writers of the Bible were trustworthy, and what they reported is accurate and true? Following the outline, each heading will be demonstrated by a list of Scriptures. In this manner we let the eyewitnesses of the events speak for themselves.
如此, 什么证明是那里圣经的作家信得过, 并且他们是报告了什么准确和真实的? 在概述以后, 各个标题将由圣经名单展示。 这样我们让事件的目击者讲话为他们自己。
Outline
概述
Introduction: The Prophets and the Apostles.
介绍: 先知和传道者。
A. The prophets and
the apostles knew the law regarding false witness.
A 。 先知和传道者知道法律关于伪证。
B. The prophets and
the apostles knew the consequences for disobeying the law.
B 。 先知和传道者知道后果为违背法律。
C. The prophets and
the apostles knew the rewards for obeying the law.
C 。 先知和传道者知道服从法律的奖励。
D. The prophets and
the apostles knew God Himself was a witness to their actions.
D 。 先知和传道者知道上帝是证人对他们的行动。
E. The prophets and
the apostles appealed to reason.
E 。 先知和传道者喜欢原因。
F. The prophets and
the apostles appealed to the truth.
F 。 先知和传道者喜欢真相。
G. The prophets and
the apostles appealed to the truthfulness of their testimony as eyewitness
accounts.
G 。 先知和传道者喜欢他们的证词的诚实当目击者的报告。
H. The prophets and
the apostles risked their lives proclaiming the truth.
H 。 先知和传道者冒险他们的生活宣告真相。
II.
Divine
Confirmation.
II. 神的确认。
A. God
ordained the authority of the prophets and the apostles.
A 。 上帝规定了先知和传道者的当局。
B. Jesus
confirmed authority to the prophets and the apostles.
B 。 耶稣证实了当局对先知和传道者。
C. The
Holy Spirit confirmed authority to the prophets and the apostles.
C 。 圣灵证实了当局对先知和传道者。
III.
Confirmation by
Miracles.
III. 确认由Miracles 。
A. The truthfulness
of the prophets and the apostles were confirmed by supernatural miracles.
A 。 先知的诚实和传道者由超自然的奇迹证实了。
B. The prophets and
apostles warned of counterfeits, and encouraged testing.
B 。 先知和传道者警告了假劣, 并且被鼓励的测试。
IV.
Legal
Confirmation.
IV. 法律确认。
A. The testimony of
the prophets and the apostles was confirmed by other prophets and apostles.
A 。 先知和传道者的证词由其它先知和传道者证实了。
B. Prophets confirmed
Mosaic authorship of the Law.
B 。 先知证实了法律的马赛克着作。
C. Apostles confirmed
Law and the Prophets.
C 。 传道者被证实的法律和先知。
D. The Rulers of the
People and the Synagogue confirmed the Law and the Prophets.
D 。 人民和犹太教堂的统治者证实了法律和先知。
E. The People
confirmed the Law and the Prophets.
E 。 人民证实了法律和先知。
F. Jesus confirmed
the Law and the Prophets.
F 。 耶稣证实了法律和先知。
1. Jesus believed all the Hebrew Scriptures to be
authoritative.
1. 耶稣认为所有西伯来圣经是权威的。
2. Jesus denounced those who were unfamiliar with
the Hebrew Scriptures.
2. 耶稣谴责了那些是不熟悉的以西伯来圣经。
3. Jesus believed the Scriptures were inspired by
the Holy Spirit.
3. 耶稣相信圣经由圣灵启发了。
4. Jesus believed the Hebrew Scriptures were
prophetic.
4. 耶稣相信西伯来圣经是预言的。
5. Jesus referred to the Hebrew Scriptures as the
Word of God.
5. 耶稣提到了西伯来圣经作为上帝的词。
6. Jesus quoted from each of the divisions of the
Hebrew Scriptures.
6. 耶稣引述了从每个西伯来圣经的分裂。
a. The Law.
a 。 法律。
b. The Prophets.
b 。 先知。
c. The Writings.
c 。 文字。
7. Jesus acknowledged the Passover seder, and the
covenant God made with
7. 耶稣承认了逾越节seder, 并且契约上帝用以色列被做。
G. Jude confirmed 2
Peter as authoritative.
G 。 Jude 证实了2 彼得象权威。
H. Peter denounced
false prophets and equated Paul’s epistles with Scripture.
H 。 彼得被谴责的假的先知和视同了保罗的书信以圣经。
I. Paul confirmed
Luke’s testimony as Scripture.
J.
Paul
acknowledged Luke as an Eyewitness.
J 。 保罗被承认的卢克作为目击者。
K. Paul acknowledged
other apostles and prophets.
K 。 保罗承认了其它传道者和先知。
L. Paul acknowledged
as an apostle.
L 。 保罗被承认作为传道者。
1. Acknowledgement by the other apostles.
1. 承认由其它传道者。
2. Acknowledgement by God in the use of miracles.
2. 承认由God 在对奇迹的使用。
M. As an Apostle,
Paul had authority.
M 。 作为传道者, 保罗有当局。
N. Paul claimed all
Scripture is God-breathed.
N 。 保罗要求所有圣经神呼吸。
O. The prophets and
the apostles regarded Scripture as the Word of God.
O 。 先知和传道者认为圣经上帝的词。
P. What God says, the
Bible says. What the Bible says, God says.
P 。 什么上帝说, 圣经认为。 什么圣经认为, 上帝说。
V. 历史确认。
A. Prophets confirmed
specific historical events and persons in the Hebrew Scriptures.
A 。 先知证实了具体历史事件和人在西伯来圣经。
1. The Creation of
1. 人的创作。
2.
2.
3. Adam’s sin acknowledged.
3. 亚当的罪孽被承认。
4. Noah.
4. 诺亚。
5. God grants the
5. 上帝授予Canaan 土地亚伯拉罕后裔。
6. Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to
him for righteousness.
6. 亚伯拉罕被相信的上帝, 并且它被认为对他正义。
7. The sin and destruction of
7.
8. Jacob wrestles with God.
8. Jacob 与上帝搏斗。
9. Hosea refers to Jacob and Rachel and Moses.
9. Hosea 提到Jacob 和Rachel 和Moses 。
10. Jacob buys land for 100 pieces of silver.
10. Jacob 买土地为100 个银币。
11. The bones of Joseph.
11. 约瑟夫的骨头。
12. Dividing the
12. 划分红海。
13. Daniel refers to Moses.
13. 丹尼尔提到Moses 。
14. Micah refers to Moses, Aaron, Miriam.
14. Micah 提到Moses, Aaron, Miriam 。
15. Micah refers to Balaam, Balak.
15. Micah 提到Balaam, Balak 。
16. Observance of the Passover.
16. 逾越节的遵守。
17. Mosaic legislation on carrying the Ark of the
Covenant with poles.
17. 关于运载契约的平底船的马赛克立法与杆。
18. Independent references to manna.
18. 在manna 的独立参考。
19. Samuel recalls the Amakite treachery.
19. Samuel 召回Amakite 倒戈。
20. Amos refers to the Israelites wandering in the
wilderness and the Amorites.
20. Amos 提到以色列人漫步在原野和Amorites 。
21. The Bronze Serpent.
21. 古铜色蛇。
22. Jephthah, a Hebrew judge, recalls the Exodus
and the conflict of Ammon.
22. Jephthah, 西伯来法官, 召回成群外出和Ammon 冲突。
23. Rahab the harlot.
23. Rahab harlot 。
24. Joshua refers to the Torah / Pentateuch.
24. Joshua 提到Torah/ Pentateuch 。
25. Nehemiah quotes from Deuteronomy.
25. Nehemiah 行情从Deuteronomy 。
26.
26. 以色列的从一而终对阁下在天Joshua 。
27. Fulfillment of 1 Kings 13:31.
27. 履行1 的国王13:31 。
28. Jeroboam’s Golden Calves.
28. Jeroboam 的金黄产犊。
29. Elijah is acknowledged.
29. Elijah 被承认。
30. Prophecy of the Exile from the books of Moses.
30. 流放的预言从Moses 书。
31. Jonah the Prophet.
31. Jonah 先知。
32. Historical records from Adam to David
acknowledged.
32. 历史纪录从亚当对大卫承认了。
33. The genealogy of Ruth acknowledged.
33. 露丝谱学被承认。
34. God’s judgment upon
34. 上帝的评断在Moab 。
35. Independent references to the Canaanite god
Baal.
35. 在迦南神的独立参考Baal 。
36. Daniel refers to Jeremiah the Prophet.
36. 丹尼尔提到Jeremiah 先知。
37. Daniel endorses Scripture.
37. 丹尼尔支持圣经。
38. Ezekiel refers to Noah, Daniel and Job.
38. Ezekiel 提到诺亚, 丹尼尔和工作。
39. The prophecy of Micah.
39. Micah 预言。
B. Jesus confirmed
specific historical events and persons in the Hebrew Scriptures.
B 。 耶稣证实了具体历史事件和人在西伯来圣经。
1. The creation of Adam and Eve.
1. 亚当和伊芙的创作。
2. Jesus acknowledged the concept of marriage.
2. 耶稣承认了婚姻的概念。
3. Noah and the Genesis Flood.
3. 诺亚和《创世纪》洪水。
4. The Patriarchs.
4. 族长。
5. Lot and the destruction of
5. 抽签和Sodom 和Gomorrah 的破坏。
6. Moses and the burning bush.
6. Moses 和灼烧的灌木。
7. David eating the showbread.
7. 大卫吃showbread 。
8. The Queen of
8.
9. The Exodus.
9. 成群外出。
10.
10. 轮胎和Sidon 。
11. Elijah, Elisha, the widow of
11. Elijah, Elisha,
12. Jonah the Prophet, The great fish,
12. Jonah 先知, 伟大的鱼,
13. The murders of Abel and Zechariah.
13. Abel 和Zechariah 谋杀。
14. Daniel the Prophet.
14. 丹尼尔先知。
15. Jesus accepted prophecy from the Hebrew
Scriptures.
15. 耶稣被接受的预言从西伯来圣经。
C. Matthew confirmed
historical events and people from the Hebrew Scriptures.
C 。 马修证实了历史事件和人从西伯来圣经。
D. Luke confirmed
historical events and people from the Hebrew Scriptures.
D 。 卢克证实了历史事件和人从西伯来圣经。
E. John confirmed
historical events and people from the Hebrew Scriptures.
E 。 约翰证实了历史事件和人从西伯来圣经。
F. Stephen confirmed
historical events and people from the Hebrew Scriptures.
F 。 斯蒂芬证实了历史事件和人从西伯来圣经。
G. Peter confirmed
historical events and people from the Hebrew Scriptures.
G 。 彼得证实了历史事件和人从西伯来圣经。
H. Paul confirmed
historical events and people from the Hebrew Scriptures.
H 。 保罗证实了历史事件和人从西伯来圣经。
I. The writer of
Hebrews confirmed historical events and people from the Hebrew Scriptures.
J. James confirmed
historical events and people from the Hebrew Scriptures.
J 。 詹姆斯证实了历史事件和人从西伯来圣经。
K. Jude confirmed
historical events and people from the Hebrew Scriptures.
K 。 Jude 证实了历史事件和人从西伯来圣经。
L. Jesus, Matthew,
Mark, Luke, Peter, James, John confirmed afterlife appearances of Moses
and Elijah.
L 。 耶稣, 马修, 标记, 卢克, 彼得, 詹姆斯, 约翰证实了Moses 和Elijah 晚年出现。
M. Paul confirmed the
life and ministry of Jesus Christ.
M 。 保罗证实了生活和部耶稣基督。
1. Paul confirmed the Resurrection of Jesus Christ.
1. 保罗证实了耶稣基督的复活。
2. Paul confirmed the Lord’s Supper.
2. 保罗证实了阁下的Supper 。
3. Paul referred to Jesus’ prohibition of divorce
and remarriage.
3. 保罗提到了离婚和再婚的耶稣的禁止。
4. Paul proclaimed the resurrected Jesus Christ.
4. 保罗宣告了复活的耶稣基督。
5. Paul acknowledged the power of Jesus Christ.
5. 保罗承认了耶稣基督的力量。
6. Paul confirmed Jesus’ prophecy regarding His
return.
6. 保罗证实了耶稣的预言关于他的回归。
7. Paul acknowledged the gospel of Jesus Christ.
7. 保罗承认了耶稣基督福音书。
8. Paul preached the gospel of Jesus Christ.
8. 保罗讲道了耶稣基督福音书。
9. Paul preached the same doctrine of salvation as
Jesus and the other Apostles.
9. 保罗象耶稣和其它传道者讲道了救世同样教条。
a. Jesus.
a 。 耶稣。
b. Other Apostles.
b 。 其它传道者。
c. Paul.
c 。 保罗。
d. Results.
d 。 结果。
10. Paul urged his readers to follow the example of
Christ.
10. 保罗敦促他的读者跟随基督例子。
a. Paul affirmed the beatitudes.
a 。 保罗肯定了至福。
b. Service to others.
b 。 为其他人的服务。
c. Other examples.
c 。 其它例子。
VI. 预言确认。
A 。 犹太当局, 并且人民, 期望耶稣从预言在西伯来圣经。
B. Jesus confirmed
prophecies concerning Himself.
B 。 耶稣被证实的预言关于他自己。
C. Matthew confirmed
prophecies concerning Jesus.
C 。 马修被证实的预言关于耶稣。
D. Mark confirmed
prophecies concerning Jesus.
D 。 标记被证实的预言关于耶稣。
E. Luke confirmed
prophecies concerning Jesus.
E 。 卢克被证实的预言关于耶稣。
F. John confirmed
prophecies concerning Jesus.
F 。 约翰被证实的预言关于耶稣。
G. Philip confirmed
prophecies about Jesus.
G 。 菲利普被证实的预言关于耶稣。
H. Apollos confirmed
prophecies concerning Jesus.
H 。 Apollos 被证实的预言关于耶稣。
I. Paul confirmed
prophecies concerning Jesus.
J. Paul confirmed
prophecies of the Holy Spirit.
J 。 保罗圣灵的被证实的预言。
K. Writer of Hebrews
confirmed prophecies of Jesus.
K 。 希伯来的作家证实了耶稣预言。
L. Peter confirmed
prophecies concerning Jesus.
L 。 彼得被证实的预言关于耶稣。
M. James confirmed
prophecies concerning Jesus.
M 。 詹姆斯被证实的预言关于耶稣。
N. Other eyewitness accounts
concerning Jesus and prophecy.
N 。 其它目击者的报告关于耶稣和预言。
VII.
Confirmation by
Nonbelievers and Hostile Eyewitnesses.
VII. 确认由Nonbelievers 和敌对目击者。
A. Satan cited
Scripture as authoritative.
A 。 Satan 援引圣经象权威。
B 。 许多人目击了奇迹和不可抗力, 耶稣, 圣灵, 先知和传道者。
1. The population of the children of
1. 以色列的孩子的人口在成群外出期间。
2. Miraculous feeding of over 100 people.
2. 神奇哺养100 个人。
3. Miraculous feeding of
over 5,000 people, plus healings.
3. 神奇哺养5,000 个人, 正healings 。
4. Followed by the miraculous feeding of over 4000
people, plus healings.
4. 被神奇哺养4000 个人跟随, 正healings 。
5. Regional healings involving great multitudes.
5. 地方healings 介入了不起的许多。
6. Jesus exorcises a man with an unclean demon,
spreading fame.
6. 耶稣驱逐一个人与一个脏的邪魔, 传播的名望。
7. A great multitude witnesses the healing of the
epileptic.
7. 了不起的许多目击愈合癫痫。
8. Acknowledgement of Lazarus’ resurrection; a
great multitude praises Jesus when He enters
8. Lazarus 的复活的承认; 了不起的许多称赞耶稣当他进入耶路撒冷。
9. Approximately 120 disciples, post-Resurrection.
9. 大约120 门徒, 岗位复活。
10. Approximately 3000 people become Christians,
post-Resurrection.
10. 大约3000 个人成为基督徒, 岗位复活。
11. Over 5000 people become Christians, post-Resurrection.
11. 5000 个人成为基督徒, 岗位复活。
12. The ministry of Paul and Barnabas adds
multitudes of believers.
12. 部保罗和Barnabas 增加许多信徒。
13. Over 500 witnesses to the resurrected Christ.
13. 对复活的基督的500 个证人。
C 。 先知的证词的诚实和传道者由敌人证实了以手段, 动机, 并且机会反驳他们。
1. Pharoah Siamon (Unnamed in 1 Kings) and Queen Tahpenes. Contemporary of King Solomon.
1. Pharoah Siamon (无提名在1 国王) 并且女王Tahpenes 。 Solomon 国王当代。
2. Pharoah Shesonk I/Shishak. Contemporary of King Rehoboam.
2. Pharoah Shesonk I/Shishak 。 Rehoboam 国王当代。
3. Pharoah Shabaka (Unnamed in 2 Kings). Contemporary
of King Hezekiah, son of Ahaz, king of
3. Pharoah Shabaka (无提名在2
位国王) 。 Hezekiah 国王当代,
Ahaz 的儿子,
4. Tirhakah, King of
4. Tirhakah, 埃塞俄比亚的国王。 先知艾赛尔国王Hezekiah 和当代。
5. Pharoah So. Contemporary of Ahaz king
of Judah and Hoshea, son of Elah and king of
5. Pharoah 如此。
6. Pharoah Necho II. Contemporary of Josiah, king of Judah, Hilkiah the priest, Ahikam the son of Shaphan, Achbor the son of Michaiah, Shaphan the scribe, and the prophet Jeremiah.
6. Pharoah Necho II 。 Josiah 当代,
7. Pharoah Apries/Hophra. Contemporary of
Zedekiah, king of
7. Pharoah
Apries/Hophra 。 Zedekiah 当代,
8. Naaman, Syrian commander.
8. Naaman, 叙利亚司令员。
9. Nebuchadnezzar, King of Neo-Babylonian Empire (605 – 562 B.C.) Contemporary of King Zedekiah, Pharaoh Necho, Jehoiachin, and the prophets Jeremiah and Daniel.
9. Nebuchadnezzar, 新巴比伦帝国(605 - 562 B 的国王。C 。) Zedekiah 国王当代, Pharaoh Necho, Jehoiachin, 并且先知Jeremiah 和丹尼尔。
10. Herod Antipas the tetrarch, ruler of
10. Herod Antipas tetrarch,
11. The Jewish Authorities.
11. 犹太当局。
12. Nicodemus.
12. Nicodemus 。
13. Annas, the High Priest.
13. Annas, 高的教士。
14. Gamaliel I.
14. Gamaliel I 。
15. Caiaphas, the High Priest.
15. Caiaphas, 高的教士。
16. Pontius Pilate, Governor of
16. Pontius Pilate,
17. Saul/Paul of
17. Saul/
18. Proconsul Sergius Paulus.
18. 代理领事Sergius Paulus 。
19. Porcius Festus.
19. Porcius Festus 。
20. King Herod Agrippa II.
20. Herod Agrippa II 国王。
VIII. Confirmation of
Objective Testimony.
VIII. 客观证词的确认。
A. The prophets and
the apostles included testimony that indicated their own sinfulness and
skepticism.
A 。 先知和传道者包括表明他们自己的有罪和怀疑的证词。
1. Adam.
1. 亚当。
2. Abram.
2. Abram 。
3. Moses.
3. Moses 。
4.
Samson.
4. Samson 。
5. David,
King of
5. 大卫, 以色列的国王。
6.
Solomon, King of
6. Solomon, 以色列的国王。
7.
Disobedient prophets.
7. 不服从的先知。
8. Elisha,
the prophet.
8. Elisha, 先知。
9. Jeremiah,
the prophet.
9. Jeremiah, 先知。
10. John
the baptizer.
10. 约翰baptizer 。
11. The
disciples of Jesus Christ.
11. 耶稣基督的门徒。
a. The
disciples testify of their own lack of knowledge and understanding.
a 。 门徒作证他们自己的缺乏知识和了解。
b. Fear,
lack of faith.
b 。 恐惧, 缺乏信念。
c. Lack
of faith.
c 。 缺乏信念。
d. Pettiness.
d 。 微小。
e. Judgmental.
e 。 主观。
f.
Fallible.
f 。 Fallible 。
g. Weak.
g 。 微弱。
h. Disloyal.
h 。 不忠诚。
(I. Judas betrayed Jesus Christ.
(I. Judas 被背叛的耶稣基督。
(II. The disciples abandoned Jesus Christ.
(II. 门徒抛弃了耶稣基督。
(III. Peter denied Jesus Christ.
(III. 彼得被否认的耶稣基督。
i. The
disciples were skeptical of Christ’s resurrection.
i. 门徒是怀疑的基督的复活。
B. The prophets and
the apostles testified of those who disbelieved in spite of the miracles.
B 。 先知和传道者作证那些怀疑竟管奇迹。
C. The prophets and
the apostles testified of those who disbelieved in spite of the message.
C 。 先知和传道者作证那些怀疑竟管消息。
Conclusion:
Therefore, the testimony of the prophets and the apostles is true.
结论: 所以, 先知和传道者的证词是真实的。
附录1
Acceptable
in a Court of Law: The Eyewitness Testimony of the Evangelists
可接受在法庭: 福音传教士的目击者证词
附录2
A. Are the testimonies biased evidence?
A 。 证词是偏心的证据吗?
B. Were the Scriptures deliberately altered to fit prophecies?
B 。 圣经故意地被修改适合预言吗?
附录3
Objections
to Truth
对真相的反对
A. Was there intent to deceive?
A 。 有是意向欺骗吗?
B. Was the Gospel incomplete or not fully revealed?
B 。 福音书残缺不全或没充分地显露了吗?
附录4
Affirmation
of the Apostles
传道者的肯定
A. Jesus gave them understanding in matters of doctrine and fulfillment
of prophecy.
A 。 耶稣给了他们了解在教条预言的问题和履行。
B. The Holy
Spirit gave them understanding in matters of doctrine and prophecy.
B 。 圣灵给了他们了解在教条和预言问题。
The Eyewitness Accounts as Presented in the Bible
目击者的报告依照被提出在圣经
Introduction:
The Prophets and the Apostles
介绍: 先知和传道者
Who wrote the Bible? The authors were known by various names, most commonly as “Prophets.” Other titles: “Man of God” (1 Kings 12:22), “Servant of the Lord” (1 Kings 14:18), “Messenger of the Lord” (Isaiah 42:19), “Seer” or “Beholder,” (Isaiah 30:9-10), “Man of the Spirit” (Hosea 9:7, Micah 3:8) and a “Watchman” (Ezekiel 3:17). “Apostles” appeared in the New Testament, in addition to the Prophets, both titles authoritative as spokesmen for the Lord. [3]
谁写了圣经? 作者由各种各样的名字知道, 最共同地作为”先知。”其它标题: “上帝的人” (1 国王12:22), “阁下的仆人” (1 国王14:18), “阁下的信使” (艾赛尔42:19), “观看者” 或”旁观者,”(艾赛尔30:9-10), “精神的人” (Hosea 9:7, Micah 3:8) 和”守卫” (Ezekiel 3:17) 。 “传道者” 出现在新约, 除先知之外, 两个标题权威作为阁下的发言人。[3]
The following is a list of the Biblical authors [4] who composed their works under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Details are provided for five of the gospel writers: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, and Peter, as presented by Simon Greenleaf in Testimony of the Evangelists.
下列是圣经的作者名单 [4] 谁组成了他们的工作在圣灵的启发之下。 细节为五福音书作家被提供:
马修, 标记, 卢克, 约翰, 并且彼得, 依照由西蒙・Greenleaf
提出在福音传教士的证词。
1. The Writer of Job.
Book of Job, regarded as the earliest written book of the Bible.
工作书,
看待如同圣经的最早期的书面书。
2. Moses. Shepherd. Leader. 牧羊人。 领导。
Writer of The Pentateuch (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy), plus Psalm 90.
Pentateuch (《创世纪》的作家, 成群外出, Leviticus, 数字, 并且Deuteronomy), 正赞美诗90 。
3. Joshua. Military general. 军事将军。
Joshua 1-24:27.
4. Eleazar, son of Aaron. High priest. Aaron 的儿子。 高的教士。
Joshua 24:28-33.
5. Samuel. Prophet. 先知。
Judges. Possibly Ruth.
6. Nathan. Prophet. 先知。
Judges.
7. Gad. Prophet. 先知。
Judges.
8. Ezra.
Ezra, Chronicles, Nehemiah.
9. Nehemiah. Cupbearer.
Book of Nehemiah.
10. Writer of Esther. Prophet. 先知。
Book of Esther.
11. David. Shepherd. Soldier. Musician. King. 牧羊人。 战士。 音乐家。 国王。
Psalms 2-9, 11-32, 34-41, 51-65, 68-70, 86, 95, 101, 103, 108-110, 122, 124, 131, 133, 138-145.
12. Solomon. King. 国王。
Proverbs, Song of Solomon (Canticles), Psalms 72 and 127, Ecclesiastes.
13. Zabud, son of Nathan the prophet. Nathan 的儿子先知。
1 Samuel, 2 Samuel.
14. Sons of Korah.
Psalms 42-49, 84-85, 87; Numbers 26:9-11.
15. Asaph. Priest. 教士。
Psalms 50, 73-83; Ezra 2:41.
16. Heman. Wise Man. 明智的人。
Psalm 88; 1 Kings 4:31; 1 Chronicles 15:19
17. Ethan the Ezrahite.
Psalm 89.
18. Agur ben Jakeh. Oracle. Oracle 。
Proverbs 30.
19. Lemuel. King. 国王。Oracle. Oracle 。
Proverbs 31.
20. Isaiah. Prophet. 先知。Poet. Poeta.
Book of Isaiah.
21. Jeremiah. Prophet. 先知。 Son of Hilkiah the priest. Hilkiah 的儿子教士。
Book of Jeremiah. Possibly Lamentations. Possibly I and II Kings.
22. Ezekiel. Priest. 教士。 Prophet. 先知。Son of Buzi. Buzi 的儿子。
Book of Ezekiel.
23. Daniel. Prime minister. 总理。
Book of Daniel.
24. Hosea. Prophet. 先知。Son of Beeri. Beeri 的儿子。
Book of Hosea.
25. Joel. Prophet. 先知。Son of Pethuel. Pethuel 的儿子。
Book of Joel.
26. Amos. Herdsman. Herdsman 。
Book of Amos.
27. Obadiah. Prophet. 先知。
Book of Obadiah.
28. Jonah. Prophet. 先知。Son of Amittai. Amittai 的儿子。
Book of Jonah.
29. Micah. Prophet. 先知。
Book of Micah.
30. Nahum. Prophet. 先知。
Book of Nahum.
31. Habakkuk. Prophet. 先知。
Book of Habakkuk.
32. Zephaniah. Prophet of royal descent. 皇家下降的先知。
Book of Zephaniah.
33. Haggai. Prophet. 先知。
Book of Haggai.
34. Zechariah. Priest. 教士。Son of Berechiah. Berechiah 的儿子。Grandson of Iddo. Iddo 的孙子。
Book of Zechariah.
35. Malachi. Prophet. 先知。
Book of Malachi.
36. Matthew. Tax collector. 税务员。Son of Alphaeus. Alphaeus 的儿子。
Simon Greenleaf, Testimony of the Evangelists:
Matthew,
called Levi, was a Jew of Galilee, but of what city is uncertain. He held the
place of publican, or tax-gatherer, under the Roman government, and his office
seems to have consisted in collecting the taxes within his district, as well as
the duties and customs levied on goods and persons, passing in and out of his
district and province, across the
马修, 告诉的Levi, 是Galilee 的犹太人, 但什么城市是不定的。 他拿着地方publican, 或税收集者, 在罗马政府之下, 并且他的办公室似乎包括了在收集税在他的区之内, 并且责任和风俗被征收在物品和人, 通过进出他的区和省, 横跨Genesareth 湖。 当参与这事务, 在汇集办公室或通常地方, 他由耶稣要求跟随他, 作为他的门徒的当中一个; 他立刻服从的命令。 很快之后, 他看上去给了伟大的娱乐他的家伙publicans 和朋友, 在哪耶稣是存在; 大概意欲两个庆祝他行业的自己的变动, 并且提供他们机会赢利由他的新大师教学。 他被构成了十二位传道者的当中一个, 并且经常出席耶稣的人作为一个忠实的追随者, 直到在十字架上钉死; 并且在他的大师以后上生他讲道了有一段时间了福音书, 与其它传道者, 在Judea, 并且之后在埃塞俄比亚, 那里他死了。
He is generally allowed to have written first, of all the evangelists; but whether in the Hebrew or the Greek language, or in both, the learned are not agreed, nor is it material to our purpose to inquire; the genuineness of our present Greek gospel being sustained by satisfactory evidence. The precise time when he wrote is also uncertain, the several dates given to it among learned men, varying from A.D. 37 to A.D. 64. The earlier date, however, is argued with greater force, from the improbability that the Christians would be left for several years without a general and authentic history of our Savior’s ministry; from the evident allusions which it contains to a state of persecution in the church at the time it was written; from the titles of sanctity ascribed to Jerusalem, and a higher veneration testified for the temple than the comparative gentleness with which Herod’s character and conduct are dealt with, that bad prince probably being still in power; and from the frequent mention of Pilate, as still governor of Judea.
他一般被允许首先写了, 所有福音传教士; 但是否在希伯来语或希腊语语言, 或在两个, 博学不同意, 亦不是它物质对我们的目的询问; 我们的当前希腊福音书的踏实由令人满意的证据被承受。 精确时候当他写了是还不定的, 几个日期被给它在博学的人之中, 变化从A 。D 。 37 对A 。D 。 64. 较早日期, 但是, 与更加巨大的力量被争论, 从不大可能性, 基督徒会动身去几年没有我们的救主的部的一般和地道历史; 从它当时包含对迫害状态在教会的显然暗指它被写了; 从神圣的标题把归咎到耶路撒冷, 并且更高的尊敬作证为寺庙比Herod 的字符和品行应付的比较温和与, 那位坏王子仍然大概是在力量; 并且从Pilate 的频繁提及, 作为仍然Judea 州长。
That Matthew was himself a native Jew, familiar with the opinions, ceremonies, and customs of his countrymen; that he was conversant with the Sacred Writings, and habituated to their idiom; a man of plain sense, but of little learning, except what he derived from the Scriptures of the Old Testament; that he wrote seriously and from conviction, and had, on most occasions, been present, and attended closely, to the transactions which he relates, and relates, too, without any view of applause to himself; are facts which we may consider established by internal evidence, as strong as the nature of the case will admit. It is deemed equally well proved, both by internal evidence and the aid of history, that he wrote for the use of his countrymen the Jews. Every circumstance is noticed which might conciliate their belief, and every unnecessary expression is avoided which might obstruct it. They looked for the Messiah, of the lineage of David, and born in Bethlehem, in the circumstances of whose life the prophecies should find fulfillment, a matter, in their estimation, of peculiar value: and to all these this evangelist has directed their especial attention.
那马修是他自己一个当地犹太人, 熟悉观点, 仪式, 并且他的乡民风俗; 他是精通以神圣的文字, 并且habituated 对他们的成语; 简单的感觉的一个人, 但一点学会, 除了什么他从旧约的圣经获得了; 他写了严重和从信念, 并且有, 在多数场合, 是存在, 并且出席严密, 对他关系的交易, 并且关系, , 没有掌声任何看法对他自己; 是我们也许考虑由内部证据建立的事实, 一样强象案件的本质将承认。 它是被视为的相等地好证明, 两个由内部证据和历史援助, 他写了至于对他的乡民的使用犹太人。 也许调解他们的信仰的每情况被注意, 并且也许阻碍它的每个多余的表示被避免。 他们寻找了耶稣, 大卫后裔, 并且负担在Bethlehem, 在预言应该发现履行生活的情况, 事情, 在他们的估计, 奇怪价值: 并且对所有这些这名福音传教士指挥了他们的特别关注。
Allusion
has been already made to his employment as a collector of taxes and customs:
but the subject is too important to be passed over without further notice. The
tribute imposed by the Romans upon countries conquered by their arms was
enormous. In the time of Pompey, the sums annually exacted by their Asiatic
provinces, of which Judea was one, amounted to about four millions and a a half
of sterling, or about twenty-two millions of dollars. These exactions were made
in the usual forms of direct and indirect taxation; the rate of the customs on
merchandise varying from an eight to a fortieth part of the value of the
commodity; and the tariff including all the principal articles of the commerce
of the East, much of which, as is well known, still found its way to Italy
through Palestine, as well as by the way of Damascus and of Egypt. The direct
taxes consisted of a capitation-tax, and a land-tax, assessed upon a valuation
or census, periodically taken under the oath of the individual, with heavy
penal sanctions. It is natural to suppose that these taxes were not voluntarily
paid, especially since they were imposed by the conqueror upon a conquered
people, and by a heathen too, upon the people of the house of
暗指已经被做对他的就业作为税和风俗收藏家: 但主题太重要以至于不能通过在没有进一步通知。 进贡由Romans 强加给国家由他们的胳膊征服是极大的。 在Pompey 的时期, 总和由他们的亚洲省年年苛求, 哪Judea 是一个, 共计大约四成千上万和一半英镑, 或大约二十二成千上万美元。 这些强索被做了以直接和间接征税的通常形式; 风俗的率在商品变化从八对商品的价值的第四十部份; 并且关税包括东方的商务的所有主要文章, , 象知名的, 仍然寻找它的道路对意大利通过巴勒斯坦, 并且顺便说一句大马士革和埃及。 直接税包括了按人数计算税, 并且土地税, 估计在估价或人口调查, 阶段性地采取在个体的誓言之下, 以重的刑事认可。 它是自然假设, 这些税自愿未被缴纳, 特别是从他们由征服者强加了给被征服的人, 并且由异教徒, 在以色列房子的人民。 税增量一般被发现倍增牢骚, 躲避和欺骗一方面, 并且, 在另一边, 增加警惕性, 怀疑, 接近的察视, 并且强索严肃。 刑法典, 依照由Theododius 校正, 将给我们某一困难的概念一定被事实增加了, 在这个期间, 那世界的部份商务的一个可观的部份由希腊人继续了, 谁的机巧和想要信念是谚语的。 它是对这样就业和在这些情况下, 那马修是教育的; 一定做了他被熟悉希腊语语言的就业, 并且广泛地精通与公共事务和商人他的时间的; 如此给权他对我们的信心, 作为那天的一名老练和聪明的观察员是, 如同他们实际上看来, 一样被配置象那些当前时间, 逃避公开税和责任的付款, 并且逃避, 通过所有可能的手段, 收支官员的警惕性, 马修一定通晓欺骗的形式巨大品种, 欺骗, 狡猾, 并且欺骗, 并且一定变得日常地怀疑, 详细检查, 并且谨慎; 并且, 当然, 被欺骗了关于较不可能可以事实在我们的阁下的部中, 非凡虽然他们, 哪些属于他的观察。 这情况显示真诚和耶稣智慧, 在选择他为他的品行的目击者, 并且增加了不起的重量来这名福音传教士证词的价值。
37. Mark. (John-Mark.)
Book of Mark.
Simon Greenleaf, Testimony of the Evangelists:
Mark
was the son of a pious sister of Barnabas, named Mary, who dwelt at
标记是Barnabas 的一个虔诚姐妹的儿子, 命名的玛丽, 谁居住了在耶路撒冷, 并且在谁的房子早期基督徒经常装配了。 他的西伯来名字是约翰; 标记姓氏被采取, 象假想的, 当他留下Judea 讲道福音书在外国; 实践不异常在那年龄的犹太人之中, 谁频繁地, 在这样场合, 比他们自己承担了一个名字熟悉对他们拜访的人民。 他应该被转换了成基督徒信念由部彼得。 他旅行了从耶路撒冷到Antioch 与保罗和Barnabas, 并且在别处之后伴随他们。 当他们登陆了在Perga 在Pamphylia, 他留下他们和回到了耶路撒冷; 为哪个原因, 当他之后会去与他们, 保罗拒绝采取他。 在这, 看法差异出现了在二位传道者之间, 并且他们分离了, Barnabas 采取标记用他到塞浦路斯。 他随后伴随梯牧草到罗马, 在保罗明确欲望。 从这个城市他大概进入亚洲, 那里他找到彼得, 与谁他退回到罗马, 在哪个城市他应该写了和出版了他的福音书。 这样是他的历史概述, 照原样由新约装备。 早期史学家补充说, 在这他进入埃及和种植了一个教会在亚历山大之后, 那里他死了。
It is agreed that Mark wrote his Gospel for the use of Gentile converts; and opinion deriving great force from the explanations introduced into it, which would have been useless to a Jew, and that it was composed for those at Rome, is believed, not only from the numerous Latinisms it contains, but from the unanimous testimony of ancient writer, and from the internal evidence afforded by the Gospel itself.
它同意, 标记写了他的福音书至于对外邦人改变信仰者的使用; 并且观点获得巨大力量从解释被介绍入它, 哪些会是无用的对犹太人, 并且那它组成了为那些在罗马, 被相信, 不仅从许多Latinisms 它包含, 但从古老作家一致同意的证词, 并且从内部证据由福音书买得起。
Some
have entertained the opinion that Mark compiled his account from that of
Matthew, of this notion has been refuted by Knoppe, and others, and is now
generally regarded as untenable. For Mark frequently deviates from Matthew in
the order of time, in his arrangement of facts; and he adds many things not
related by the other evangelists; neither of which a mere epitomizer would
probably have done. He also omits several things related by Matthew, and
imperfectly describes others, especially the transactions of Christ with the
apostles after the resurrection; giving no account whatever of his appearance
in
一些愿意考虑观点, 标记编写了他的帐户从那马修, 这个概念由Knoppe 反驳了, 并且其他人, 并且一般现在认为难防守。 为标记频繁地偏离从马修按时间的顺序, 在事实的他的安排; 并且他增加许多事由其它福音传教士没关系; 两者都不一仅仅epitomizer 大概会做。 他并且省去几件事由马修关系, 并且不完美地描述其他人, 特别是基督的交易与传道者在复活以后; 给没有帐户什么他的出现在Galilee; 遗漏不可调和以福音书的任何早先知识根据马修。 来这些证