The Other Red Meat

Did the Bible Goof About the Ostrich?
James Patrick Holding


Although we ordinarily consider it a waste of time, there's little enough that we'll just let our opponent wind himself up and go (with only the essential parts in red -- as for the rest, it is only summary and hand-waving; it is not necessary to quote such things in a reply, and our opponent cannot, and never will be able to, explain why such superfluous commentary requires quotation and/or reference from a respondent):

Even Yahweh himself was a little rusty in his understanding of animal behavior. In speaking to Job from the whirlwind, he said this of the ostrich:
The wings of the Ostrich wave proudly; but are they the pinions and plumage of love? For she leaves her eggs on the earth, and warms them in the dust, and forgets that the foot may crush them, or that the wild beast may trample them. She deals harshly with her young ones, as if they were not hers: Though her labor be in vain, she is without fear; because Eloah (God) has deprived her of wisdom, neither has he imparted to her understanding ([Job] 39:13-17, Bethel Bible).
Reflected in this passage is a primitive, but incorrect, belief that the ostrich is a stupid bird that lays its eggs on the ground, leaves them to be hatched by the heat of the sand, and then treats her young harshly after they have hatched. The New American Bible affixes this frankly honest footnote to what Yahweh said of the Ostrich:
It was popularly believed that, because the ostrich laid her eggs on the sand, she was thereby cruelly abandoning them.
Modern biologists know better than what the "scientifically insightful" author of Job mistakenly thought about the ostrich. Both Encyclopedia Americana and Britannica, as well as Grzimek's (vol 7, pp. 91-95), describe ostriches as very caring parents. The female lays her eggs on the ground, but so do many other species of birds. The eggs are not abandoned to the heat of the sand, but in the female's absence, the male incubates the nest. When the young hatch, they are given watchful care by their mother. As a biological creature, the ostrich has survived for thousands of years, so obviously it is a successful procreator. Its labor is not in vain, as the passage above incorrectly declares. Yet Yahweh himself, who presumably created all living things, didn't know these behavioral facts about the ostrich. He "inspired" Jeremiah to perpetuate the primitive misconception of the ostrich's careless maternal instincts by having him write this about the women of Israel:
Even the jackals draw out the breast, they give suck to their young ones: The daughter of my people has become cruel, like the ostriches in the wilderness. The tongue of the sucking child clings to the roof of his mouth for thirst: The young children ask bread, and no man breaks it to them (Lam. 4:3-4, BB).

Well, that wasn't so boring, was it? Kind of like eating veggies. But now we can go straight to an answer with no more words from the other side. We'll just take these two passages in bits and see how the data correlates, but first, some description is in order.

What about ostrich nesting habits? Our opponent's descriptions are correct but far from complete, and on one point just plain wrong. Here's something from a site on the subject:

Ostriches live in family groups consisting of one cock and several hens. During breeding season, the male will mate with the dominant female and one to four other hens. Each hen lays between two and eleven creamy white eggs in a communal nest which can be nearly 10 ft (3 m) across and is simply a hollow in the ground formed by scraping and body weight. When egg laying is complete there are usually ten to forty or more eggs in the nest; the most ever recorded was seventy-eight. Only about twenty can be incubated, however, so the dominant hen will reject any surplus eggs by pushing them out of the nest. She always ensures, however, that her own eggs remain.

And from here, Eaton's Bible Dictionary reports another behavior:

The allusion here is to the habit of the ostrich with reference to its eggs, which is thus described: "The outer layer of eggs is generally so ill covered that they are destroyed in quantities by jackals, wild-cats, etc., and that the natives carry them away, only taking care not to leave the marks of their footsteps, since, when the ostrich comes and finds that her nest is discovered, she crushes the whole brood, and builds a nest elsewhere."

Brian C. R. Bertram's The Ostrich Communal Nesting System (1992) offers these relevant points:

With these facts in mind, let's run down the passages in question.

Which leaveth her eggs in the earth....

This is a perfect description of either what is done to the outer ring of "forsaken" eggs (which are the communal property of the group under the discretion of the major hen) or more likely, of an unattended nest. Some translations render the word "leaveth" in terms of a forsaking, and it seems that the NASB source goes along with this. But the word here, 'azab, though it can carry that meaning, acquires that meaning based on context -- it carries the meaning of leaving behind without necessarily severing all relations permanently or completely (Gen. 2:4 Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife), and it is clear that the ostrich does place its eggs on the ground and leave them there -- in a way that anthropomorphically can be described as neglectful (in line with Bertram's observation that only 5 of 57 nests had successful hatchings). Either way, this phrase offers a satisfactory description of ostrich behavior, contrary to the statement by our opponent.

(It is worth noting here that the descriptions of the ostrich, and other descriptions in Job, take certain poetic and anthropomorphic liberties; Job 38:18 states of the ostrich, "What time she lifteth up herself on high, she scorneth the horse and his rider." The word "scorneth" means to laugh or deride -- although our opponent has shown himself capable of being a naive literalist, I think not even he would argue that the OT here has the ostrich literally laughing at people and horses in a one-on-one race! Therefore it would be out of line to take the anthropomorphic language of this passage literally.)

and warmeth them in dust

Note that contrary to our opponent's implication, the word "warmeth" here is not term-specific for incubation, and in the context of forsaking behavior described, cannot refer to incubation anyway. It simply means "heats/warms" or "to be hot/warm" (Ex. 16:21 And they gathered it every morning, every man according to his eating: and when the sun waxed hot [chamam], it melted.) Ostrich incubation actually is for the purpose of cooling the eggs, not warming them. This again describes well either the outer ring of forsaken eggs, or the temporarily "abandoned" eggs in the unattended nest: in both cases they are left to get hot in the dust.

And forgetteth that the foot may crush them, or that the wild beast may break them.

Insofar as laying eggs on the ground is a risky procedure, none of this is untrue -- and it hardly counts as malicious or bad parenting. If this refers to the whole nest, it is a truism of ostrich behavior. It is even more approporiate for the eggs pushed out by the major hen: The word "foregetteth" indicates an obliviousness or apathy -- we have seen that the major hen purposely pushes these eggs out and doesn't care about what happens to them; she is preserving her own eggs! Either way, this description suits the situation perfectly, as shown by the overwhelming number of vanadalized and destroyed nests in Bertram's study.

She is hardened against her young ones, as though they were not hers: her labour is in vain without fear; Because God hath deprived her of wisdom, neither hath he imparted to her understanding.
Even the sea monsters draw out the breast, they give suck to their young ones: the daughter of my people is become cruel, like the ostriches in the wilderness.

From eggs to chicks (the "young ones" are not eggs): There are indeed times when the ostrich will act this way. Provan's commentary on Lamentations [112], using Cramp's Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa as a source, notes:

Under certain environmental conditions...the family group may break up when chicks are a few weeks old, the adults renewing sexual activity and becoming highly aggressive towards all juveniles. Chicks fledged in small numbers outside the breeding season are frequently treated as outcasts and live solitarily.

And here is a note from one of the sites linked above that confirms that the "she" is hardened to her young ones even so:

The cocks and the hens take it in turns to incubate the eggs; the hens sit on them during the day and the cocks at night. This shift system lasts for an average of forty-two days until the eggs hatch. When the chicks emerge into the world, it is the male who cares for them.

So it seems, contrary to our opponents' assertion, that momma is "hardened" against her young ones after all -- Dad is the one who does the job of parenting after hatching!

In conclusion: We have ample data indicating that the judgment of "cruelty" and a "labor in vain" properly (if anthropomorphically) describes ostrich behavior.