Matthew 10:1-4 is a list of the apostles, one that is found in a different place in Mark and Luke. It is clear that Matthew has displaced it thematically to this area where he offers mission parameters. However, both Mark and Luke do mention the twelve here generically. We begin with Matt. 10:5 and parallels:

Sectional Analysis

There are a few points that come together here. Mark has clearly changed this portion from a direct saying to a description. QM theorists would suppose that either 1) Luke coincidentally changed this back to a saying, independent of Matthew; 2) Q contained this saying, as did Mark. It is much easier to see that Ur-Matthew contained the saying as Luke now has it, and that Matthew in his Greek version combined the mission of the twelve with that of the seventy, which was also in Ur-Matthew but was compacted into one mission statement so that Matthew could make room for more teachings of Jesus. Note that the saying about the lost house of Israel is unparalleled, and the "worthy worker" statement is found in Luke 10:7, the mission to the seventy, which supports this view.

Otherwise this passage is called a heyday, it seems, for proponents of Q. Why? Because in Matthew 10, the same words were used to address the Twelve, not the seventy, and Luke knows elsewhere about the apostolic calling (Luke 6) and doesn't say a word about this commission. Hence, Luke could not have copied Matthew; he must have copied a source that had this section set by itself.

So the critics think, but I think they need some advice. Jesus or any preacher with a missionary aspect isn't going to send out his disciples just once; he'll send them out many times -- and each time, he will likely give them much the same policy directives on their way out. The Twelve likely did get this directive at some point, and so did the seventy, and so did every other traveling Christian group. Why should Luke, again, have felt compelled to follow Matthew in every or any instance in terms of reporting the same time of a teaching or direction, offered numerous times over the course of the ministry?

In truth, while I think Luke had access to Ur-Matthew, I don't see it as necessary to suppose he copied him here. Rather I think Luke is "copying" from often-repeated instructions in the ministry of Jesus, and using perhaps some editorial freedom to use them; or else, Matthew does this as a compression since he does not report the 70 in his second edition, but did so in the first -- and as usual, Q is a superfluous add-on of the social theorists.

Once again Matthew has collapsed together instructions from the missions of the 12 and the 70 (the "peace instructions", Luke 10:5-6). Luke and Mark preserve what is closer to the oral core which would have appeared in Ur-Matthew.

Here Luke has done his own collapsing down, having preserved the warning mentioning Sodom (but not Gomorrah!) in Luke 10, the mission of the 70. Mark and Luke then round out after their own styles.

Ur-Matthew Reconstruction

These the twelve sent-out the Jesus gave to-them power and authority over all the demons and diseases to-heal Not provide gold nor silver nor copper for the belts of you nor bag for way nor two tunics nor sandals nor staves And into what ever house you-enter there remain and from-there go-out. And as-many as not may-receive you going-out from city that even the dust from the feet of-you shake-off for testimony against them. Truly say to-you More-bearable it-will-be to land of Sodom and Gomorrah in day judgment than city that.