Scientists of the Christian Faith -- Alphabetical Index (M)

Alexander MacAlister *** Not in Gale

(1844-1919). Professor of Anatomy, Cambridge.

http://www.phthiraptera.org/phthirapterists/Macalister/Macalister.htm

Donald MacCrimmon MacKay

Known for his wide-ranging research on the brain and intelligence, Donald M. MacKay (1922-1987) was a neuroscientist, educator, editor, and author. His major work involved brain organization and vision, but he also conducted comparisons between the brain and computers and explored cybernetics.

W. R. Thorson. "An I Behind the Eye: Donald MacKay's Gifford Lectures," Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2G2

From PSCF 44 (March 1992): 49-54.

http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/PsychologyNeuroscience/PSCF3-92Thorson.html

MacKay told Contemporary Authors: "As a practicing scientist and a committed Christian, I find no shadow of conflict between my science and my faith. For me each fresh discovery only adds to the wonder of the world and the glory of its Author-but it also increases our need for wisdom greater than our own if we are to use our scientific knowledge responsibly. I believe that the re-integration of science and Christian faith is not just possible but long over-due."

Colin Maclaurin

(1698-1746). Scottish mathematician. Professor at Marischal College, Aberdeen (1717) and at Edinburgh (1725). Author of Geometrica Organica, sive Descriptio Linearum Curvarum Universalis (1720) dealing with general properties of conics and of higher plane curves, Treatise of Fluxions (1742) containing his essay on tides, statement of the conception of level surfaces, and theory of maxima and minima, A Treatise of Algebra (1748), An Account of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophical Discoveries (1748).

http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Maclaurin.html

http://www.andrews.edu/~calkins/math/biograph/biomacla.htm

Webpage: http://www.frc.mass.edu/smabrouk/calculus_III/History_Student_Web_Pages/Laws_Ragunas/Maclaurin's_life/life.htm

Jed Macosko, Ph.D. / Jed C. Macosko *** Not in Gale

Biochemist. Jed C. Macosko is Assistant Professor of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC. Dr. Macosko's research involves the detection of forces in single biomolecules and molecular machines by using microspheres and centrifugal force.  Dr. Macosko studies protein motors and machines, mapping their potential energy surfaces. Surveying and mapping the potential energy surfaces of protein machines is essential for understanding their function and for developing drugs to halt their activity.

Dr. Macosko received his B.S. in chemistry from MIT and his Ph.D. from UC Berkeley in 1999 for his work on influenza hemagglutinin and HIV RNA. Dr. Macosko taught chemistry at Wheaton College, IL, then returned to UC Berkeley for a two year NIH postdoctoral fellowship in the Molecular and Cell Biology Department.  From there, he took an Assistant Professorship of biophysical chemistry at La Sierra University in Riverside, California, consulting for Burstein Technologies Inc. in Irvine, CA.  Then, he moved to the University of New Mexico where he studied life's molecular machines as a Discovery Institute, before settling at Wake Forest University in North Carolina.

Dr. Macosko has been awarded MIT's Merck award for academic excellence, Admiral Rickover's medal of honor for exemplary research, and two of NIH's competitive research grants. 

International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design, http://www.iscid.org/jed-macosko.php

Welcome from Wake Forest University, http://www.wfu.edu/physics/news/2004s/Jed/

Macosko Research Group, Jed C. Macosko, Assistant Professor of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, http://www.wfu.edu/%7Emacoskjc/

Graham Maddox *** Not in Gale

Professor of Political Science, University of New England, Australia.

From "Graham Maddox, Professor of Political Science, retires after a distinguished 38-year career at UNE!" http://www.une.edu.au/arts/social_science/NewsUpdate.htm (Excerpts):

"Professor Maddox was presented with the title, Emeritus Professor, at a celebratory evening held at Booloominba on Wednesday 30 July, 2003.  Joining the Univesity as a Lecturer in Continuing Education, stationed in Tamworth, he went on to become a long-serving Dean of the Faculty of Arts, including a double term as (Foundation) Executive Dean.  As a teacher, he has inspired generations of students with a passionate sense of social justice that informs his scholarship.

Professor Maddox is the author of four books, including Australian Democracy in Theory and Practice (1^st edition 1988, 5^th edition in preparation), the most widely used first-year Politics Text in Australia. The Hawke Government and Labor Tradition (1989) sparked considerable public debate,and Religion and the Rise of Democracy (1996) has been widely praised for its insight and scholarship.  In addition he is the author of dozens of refereed journal articles, many of which have been reprinted in standard anthologies.

His longstanding concern with constitutionalism and the Australian Constitution has been recognised by his invited participation in several constitutional conferences and conventions, and his international reputation as a scholar has been recognised by his election to the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia.

A fine musician, Graham Maddox has made a huge contribution, as conductor and performer, to musical life within and beyond the Armidale community."

Other writings: "Australian Democracy and the Compound Republic," Pacific Affairs vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 193-207, year 2000; Socialism in Contemporary Australia. South Melbourne: Longman, 1996; Political Writings of John Wesley, Bristol: Thoemmes, 1988
Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, Directory of Fellows, http://www.assa.edu.au/Directory/listall.asp?id=191

http://www.une.edu.au/arts/PAIS/maddox.htm

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Johann Heinrich Madler

(1794-1874). German astronomer. With Wilhelm Beer published first map of Mars (1830)and an authoritative map of the Moon (1836); popularizer of astronomy with his Populare Astronomie (1841) and Geschichte der Himmelskunde (1873).

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Madler%20crater

http://www.mezgazd-koszeg.sulinet.hu/kemia/DATA/Tudosok/data/bh5/madler.html

Michael Maestlin *** Not in Gale

(1550-1631).  German astronomer.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/maestlin.html

In 1580, appointed Professor of mathematics, University of Heidelberg.  1584-1631, Professor of mathematics, University of Tuebingen.  Between 1588 and 1629, elected dean of Tuebingen arts faculty eight times.

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Maestlin.html

http://www.cosmovisions.com/Maestlin.htm (in French)

 Lorenzo Magalotti *** Not in Gale

(1637-1712).  Italian specialist in scientific communication, natural philosopher.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/magaloti.html

Magalotti was the secretary of the Accademia del Cimmento and reported its activity in the Saggi di naturali esperienze fatte nell'Accademia del Cimento (Florence, 1667), essays on natural experiments mainly carried out by Borelli, Redi, and Vincenzio Viviani.  Magalotti did not carry on any significant scientific work of his own, but he was involved part of his life with the currents of scientific thought.

Member: Accademia del Cimento, 1560-1667; Royal Society, Accademia della Crusca and of the Arcadia.

He carried on an extensive correspondence, at least some of which has been published (see Cochrane). Among his correspondents were Michelini, Viviani, and Redi, all of whom were Magalotti's close friends. Magalotti became the friend of Steno when he came to Florence.  In England he formed a friendship with Boyle.

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/magalo.html (in Italian)

Cesare Magati *** Not in Gale

(1579-1647).  Italian surgeon.  Catholic. In 1619 Magati joined the Capuchin order.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/magati.html

He is particularly remembered for De rara medicatione vulnerum (1616), which discusses the theory and method of healing wounds. He also wrote another work on this subject, replying to an attack by Sennert. Magati was a conservative physician who held to the tradition of Galen and Hippocrates. Within those limits he emphasized that the function of the physician was to assist nature, the ultimate source of cure, as much as possible by obstructing her as little as possible with excessive medication and treatment. For this he is remembered as a fundamental reformer of surgery.

Magati also left behind a manuscript De re medica. An important consultation on syphilis survives, as well as a writing on the plague.

Bartolomeo Maggi *** Not in Gale

(c. 1477-1552).  Italian surgeon.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/maggi.html

Maggi was among the first to teach a rational method of treating gunshot wounds. The De vulnerum bombardorum et sclopetorum curatione, his work on the treatment of wounds, was published posthumously at Bologna in 1552. He was known also for his method of amputation.  In 1550 Maggi published a consultation of syphilis.

Raffaello Magiotti *** Not in Gale

(1597-1656).  Italian physicist.  Instrument-maker.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/magiotti.html

Magiotti demonstrated experimentally Torricelli's hypothesis that the mean velocity of a liquid flowing out of the bottom outlet of a vessel is proportional to the square root of the head pressure. He determined the rate of flow through various sizes of openings. Only one work by him was printed during his lifetime, the Renitenza dell'acqua alla compressione (1648). This work embodies the first published announcement of the near incompressibility of water at a constant temperature and the expansion and contraction of water and air according to changes in temperature.

Magiotti developed the "Cartesian devil" or "diver" to illustrate the incompressibility of water.

Magiotti was one of the three favored followers, along with Castelli and Torricelli, whom Galileo referred to as his Roman "triumvirate." He maintained a correspondence with Galileo.  Torricelli greatly admired him, openly acknowledged his aid in the field of hydrodynamics, and sought his approval of his work on solid cycloids.

He was present at an experiment to test why pumps raise water only about 30 feet that was devised and staged in Rome by Berti at sometime between 1638 and 1644.

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/vuoto/emagio.html

Valeriano Magni *** Not in Gale

(1586-1661).  Italian-born physicist, natural philosopher.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/magni.html

Magni was one of the pioneers with the Torricellian experiment and published an account of it, the Demonstratio ocularis (Warsaw, 1647).  Magni also worked on a general philosophy opposed to Aristotle.

Magni was first, foremost, and overwhelmingly a Catholic activist in the struggles of the counter-reformation. Although his scientific activities really existed, they were always decidedly subordinate to his religious activities.  The publication of his barometer experiment aroused great controversy in 1640's.

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/vuoto/emagni.html

Leonty Filippovich Magnitsky *** Not in Gale

(1669-1739).  Russian mathematician, military engineer, expert in navigation.  Russian Orthodox.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/magntsky.html

Magnitsky's Arithmetic (1703) was the first guide to the new mathematics published in Russia. Combining the tradition of Russia mathematical literature of the 17th century with that of the western European mathematical schools, the work served as the basic texbook of mathematics in Russia for half a century.  He also participated in the preparation of a Russia edition (1703) of the logarithmic table of Vlacq (1618).

He co-edited Tables for Navigation (1722).

In addition to the work on navigation, in 1707, on the occasion of the Swedish invasion, Peter set Magnitsky to work on the fortifications of the city of Tver.

The Moscow Academy, in which Magnitsky appears to have been prominent, was not connected with the famous imperial academy in St. Petersburg. It was based rather on an earlier Kiev Academy.

J.J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson. "Leonty Filippovich Magnitsky," http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Magnitsky.html:

Peter the Great founded the Navigation School in Moscow in 1701 and the following year he appointed Magnitsky a teacher there. Magnitsky remained there for the rest of his life. From 1715 until his death he was director of the Navigation School.

Pierre Magnol

(1638-1715). French physician and botanist. Originated classification of plants by families; works included Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum (1689) and Novus caracter plantarum (1720). The genus Magnolia was named after him.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/magnol.html

http://www.polybiblio.com/jahill/HillBibl-Selections616.0.html:

One of the greatest botanists of the 17th century and demonstrator of plants and later director at the Montpellier botanical garden, made important contributions towards a "natural" classification of plants and was the first to use the term "family" for plants. Magnol had contact with all the leading botanists of Europe.

Olaus Magnus

(1490-1557). Swedish ecclesiastic, geographer and historian. Roman Catholic priest; left Sweden (1523); resident in Danzig and (from 1541) in Rome; director of St. Brigitta's monastery, Rome (from 1549); archbishop of Uppsala (1544-57). Published Carta Marina (1539), first detailed map of Scandinavia, and Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (1555), long accepted as authoritative on Scandinavian history. His brother (1488-1544), also ecclesiastic and historian; sent to Sweden by Pope Adrian VI as papal legate (1523); administrator of Uppsala archdiocese (1524); exiled for refusalto support Gustav I Vasa; archbishop of Uppsala (1533-44) but lived with his brother in Danzig and Rome. Author of Historia de omnibus gothorum sueonumque regibus (1554), primary source for history of several Scandinavian kings.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/olausmag.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09536b.htm

http://sio.midco.net/dansmapstamps/olausmagnus.htm

Dr. Eric Magnusson

(Born 1933). School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University College, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia. Research in quantum mechanics and chemistry, University of London, 1957-60. Learn to program the enormously expensive "Mercury", the University's first mainframe computer. Returned to Australia and spent the next twenty years in teaching and administration. Set up a science faculty at Avondale College as it prepared for degree-granting status. Principal for ten years. Also taught at University of Newcastle. Introduced research students to the mysteries of quantum chemistry on computers. Returned to research at the Australian National University in 1981. University of New South Wales, Australia, 1986-2001. Retired in 2001.

Now a Visiting Fellow in quantum chemistry.

Webpage: http://www.1851alumni.org.uk/alumni/magnussone.htm

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Emanuel Maignan *** Not in Gale

(1601-1676).  French-born physicist, optician, instrument-maker.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/maignan.html

Maignan entered the order of Minims in 1619, and devoted much of his energy to the administrative and religious work of his order as well as to the education of the youths of Toulouse.

He participated in Rome in the important experiments which helped to establish the possibility of artificially creating a void space in nature and which influenced the work of Torricelli and others. His Cursus philosophicus (1653) provides one of the fullest accounts of these researches. His Perspective horaria (1648) is an extremely detailed and almost exhaustive discussion of sundials. In this work many optical topics such as sciagraphy are also treated.

Maignan and Berti constructed an apparatus to demonstrate that a bell ringing in a Torricellian tube becomes inaudible when the air is removed.  Maignan's Perspective gives a clear and full account of how to make the instruments for constructing dials and buffing instruments and the necessary steps in polishing lenses.

Sun dials.

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/vuoto/emaign.html

http://www.polybiblio.com/jahill/HillBibl-159W58.0.html

Maignan (1601-76), was a priest who was a member of the circle of experimenters in Rome which included Kircher, Magiotti, and Berti. Once described by Bayle as 'one of the greatest philosophers of the seventeenth century,' Maignan has largely been forgotten, although he was an original and individualistic thinker of no small merit.

Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan *** Not in Gale

(1678-1771).  French physicist, mechanic, optician, mathematician, engineer, scientific organizer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mairan.html

Mairan was concerned with a wide variety of subjects, including heat, light, sound, motion, the shape of the earth, and the aurora. His works include Dissertation sur les variations du barometre (Bordeaux, 1715), Dissertation sur la glace (Bordeaux, 1716), Dissertation sur la cause de la lumičre des phosphores et des noctiluques (Bordeaux, 1717), and Dissertation sur l'estimation et la mesure des forces motrices des corps (1728). He also published a number of mathematical works.

Mairan replaced Fontenelle as perpetual secretary of the Académie. He was its assistant director in 1721, '27, '36, '44, '59, and director in '22, '28, '45, '60. He was also editor of the Journal des scavants.

After the Maritime Council commissioned the Académie, the Académie charged Mairan and Varignon in 1721 to investigate the gauging of ships in order, by means of an exact method, to prevent the complaints of commerce and the fraud of merchants. Mairan visited the ports of the Mediterranean in this capacity. In the end, the scheme of the Académie was not adopted.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, Royal Society, Institute Bologna, Russian Academy (St. Petersburg)

1718, associé of the Académie; 1719, pensionnaire géomčtre until his death (with an interlude from 1743-46).

With Jean Bouillet and Antoine Portalon, he founded his own scientific society in Béziers about 1723.

http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/Bios/demairan.html:

Born on November 26, 1678 in Béziers as a lower nobleman, de Mairan attended college at Toulouse, with main interest in ancient Greek language. He went to Paris in 1698 to study physics and math, under the direction of Malebranche (1638-1715), among others. From 1704 to 1718 he lived in Béziers. In 1718, he was made a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences as Associate in the department of Geometry. In 1740 he became Associate Secretary of the academy, and was elected to the Academy Francaise in 1743.

De Mairan's scientific work includes contributions to the theory of heat, observations of meteorological phenomena, and theoretical work on the orbital motion and rotation of the Moon.

He mentioned his notion of a small nebulosity around a star closely north of the Orion Nebula in or before 1731, mentioned in his best known work, Traite physique and historique de l'Aurore Boreale (Physical and Historic Tract of the Aurora Borealis), published 1733 in Paris and reprinted in the Journal des Scavans in 1754. This nebula was later cataloged as "M43" by Charles Messier.

De Mairan died of pneumonia in Paris on February 20, 1771.

He is honored by naming a Moon Crater after him: Mairan (41.6N, 43.4W, 40.0 km diameter, named 1935).

http://www.cosmovisions.com/Mairan.htm (in French)

http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/weather/30.htm

Charles Maitland *** Not in Gale

(1668-1748). Scottish-born surgeon.  At the behest of English aristocrat Lady Mary Wortley Montague, Dr. Maitland was the first doctor to apply variolation techniques in Britain.  King George II sent him to Hanover to inoculate Frederick Prince of Wales.

http://www.cytos.org/smallpox.html

Isobel Grundy Montagu's variolation, http://microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/MIC195E/Montagu.pdf

Nicolau Barquet, MD, and Pere Domingo, MD.  "Smallpox: The Triumph over the Most Terrible of the Ministers of Death Annals of Internal Medicine 15 October 1997. 127:635-642. Related Letters," http://microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/MIC195E/Montagu.pdf.

"Lady Montague was so determined to prevent the ravages of smallpox and so impressed by the Turkish method that she ordered the Embassy surgeon, Charles Maitland, to inoculate her 5-year-old son in March 1718. On returning to London in April 1721, she had Maitland inoculate her 4-year-old daughter in the presence of the physicians of the court. Among these physicians was Sir Hans Sloane, President of the Royal Society and the king's physician. This was the first professional variolation performed in England. Word of these practices spread and reached the Princess of Wales and other members of the Royal Family. Charles Maitland was granted royal license to perform a trial of variolation on six prisoners at Newgate on 9 August 1721; these prisoners were promised a full pardon if they submitted to the so-called Royal Experiment. The trial was observed by the court physicians and 25 members of the Royal Society and the College of Physicians. All of the prisoners survived and were released. One was exposed to two children with the illness and proved to be immune. Maitland later variolated six charity children in London and successfully treated the two daughters of the Princess of Wales on 17 April 1722. Not surprisingly, the procedure gained general acceptance after this last success."

Jenö Major

(Born November 28, 1952 in Budapest, Hungary).  Geneticist, researcher. Certification: Biologist diplomate. Senior researcher, National Institute Chemical Safety, Budapest, 1999; head laboratory, National Institute Occupl. Health, Budapest, 1992-99; science councillor, National Institute Occupl. Health, Budapest, 1995; Senior researcher, National Institute Occupl. Health, Budapest, 1989-95; Assistant Professor, Madarász St. Hospital, Budapest, 1985-86; Junior researcher, head of laboratory, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, 1986-89; Research Assistant, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, 1979-85; science co-worker, Eötvös Lóránd University Science, Budapest, 1977-79.  Education: MSc, József Attila University science, Szeged, Hungary, 1977; Ph.D., József Attila University science, Szeged, Hungary, 1980.

Member: N.Y. Academy Science, European Tissue Culture Society, Hungarian Cancer Society (sec. environ. and worksite mutagenesis section 1994).  Parish clerk, Lutheran Church, Budafok, 1994, Presbyterian, 1988. Sgt. Hungarian People's Army, 1971-72.

Contributor of articles to professional journals., chapters to books.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Nicholas de Malebranche

The French philosopher and theologian Nicolas Malebranche (1638-1715) was a noted Cartesian. His analysis of the fundamental presuppositions of Descartes's philosophy led to a set of doctrines that is known as occasionalism.  Entered Congregation of the Oratory (1660); ordained (1664); engaged in philosophical controversies, esp. with Arnauldand Bossuet. Principal disciple of Descartes; attempted to synthesize Cartesianism with Neoplatonism and thought of St. Augustine; his philosophical system embodied the doctrine that the mind cannot have knowledge of anything external to itself except through its relation toGod. Chief work De la recherche de la verite (1674-78); also wrote Traite de la nature et de lagrace (1680), Meditations chretiennes (1683), Traite de morale (1684), Entretiens sur la metaphysique et la religion (1688).

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/malebranche/:

The French Cartesian Nicolas Malebranche was hailed by his contemporary, Pierre Bayle, as "the premier philosopher of our age." Over the course of his philosophical career, Malebranche published major works on metaphysics, theology, and ethics, as well as studies of optics, the laws of motion and the nature of color. He is known principally for offering a highly original synthesis of the views of his intellectual heroes, St. Augustine and René Descartes. Two distinctive results of this synthesis are Malebranche's doctrine that we see bodies through ideas in God and his occasionalist conclusion that God is the only real cause.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/malbrnch.html

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  "Nicholas de Malebranche," http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Malebranche.html

http://www.iep.utm.edu/m/malebran.htm

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09568a.htm

http://lgxserve.ciseca.uniba.it/lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?Malebranche+Nicolas

http://www.rasscass.com/templ/te_bio.php?PID=1335&RID=1 (in German)

http://71.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MA/MALEBRANCHE_NICOLAS.htm

Malebrache.  http://osu.orst.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/malbranche.html

Nicholas Malebranche.  http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/malebran.htm

Bonnie A. Mallard *** Not in Gale
Veterinarian.  Professor of Immunology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph.

B.Sc. (Agriculture) 1979, M.Sc. 1982, Ph.D. 1988.

Member, Christian Veterinary Missions, Canada.

Faculty webpage, Ontario Veterinary College. http://www.ovc.uoguelph.ca/pathobio/faculty/mallard.shtm

http://www.ovc.uoguelph.ca/news/news7.pdf . Bonnie Mallard and Bruce Wilkie, both of the department of Pathobiology, have developed an alternative breeding method that boosts the immune sys- tems of pigs and cattle.

Mary Koske.  "Immunity research earns recognition," http://www.uoguelph.ca/atguelph/96-07-10/mallard.html.  "Research begun in graduate school to produce disease-resistant cows and pigs has earned Professor Bonnie Mallard, Pathobiology, the 1996 Pfizer Award for Research Excellence for contributions to animal health genetics. The award recognizes young researchers for excellence in their work.

"Mallard gives credit for the award to her collaboration with Professor Bruce Wilkie, Pathobiology, and the late professor Brian Kennedy, Animal and Poultry Science. She says their work has been aimed at achieving 'environmentally friendly food products' - cattle and pigs that have not been treated with hormones or antibiotics to prevent or cure disease.

"'Because of this research, Canada's farmers and dairy industry will have a unique market niche in the exportation of hormone and drug-free food products,' she says.

"As a Guelph graduate student, Mallard was interested in the inherent immunity of dairy cows, but the limited number of cows available and their 10-month breeding period made research slow and difficult. She decided instead to study the immune system of pigs because there are many siblings in a litter and their gestation interval is only four months.

"After completing her Ph.D., Mallard began collaborating with Wilkie and Kennedy to find a way to produce animals that were inherently resistant to disease. Wilkie's expertise in immunology, Mallard's in immunogenetics and Kennedy's in quantitative genetics led to a model that, seven years later, is the prototype for genetic selection for broad-based disease resistance."

"Commercial farm testing of dairy cattle is under way and will begin soon for pigs, says Mallard. And the patent for the technology developed at Guelph is in its final stages for approval. She believes this technology will not only improve animal health, but will also give Canada an edge in food production because more and more people are demanding drug- and hormone-free food products."

Marcello Malpighi

(1628-1694). Italian anatomist and microscopist Marcello Malpighi used the newly invented microscope to make a number of important discoveries about living tissues and structures.  He discovered capillaries; founded sciences of histology (the study of tissues), embryology, plant anatomy, comparative anatomy.  Professor at Pisa (1656-59) and Messina (1662-66); personal physician to Pope Innocent XII (1691). Because of early use of microscope in biological studies, called founder of microscopic anatomy; studied structure of secreting glands; discovered capillary circulation in the lung of the frog (1661), the deeper portion of the epidermis known as the Malpighian layer, loops ofcapillaries (or Malpighian tufts) in the kidney, and masses of adenoid tissue (or Malpighian corpuscles) in the spleen; described taste buds, structure of human lung, development of the chick, structure of the brain and spinal cord, and the metamorphosis of the silkworm.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/malpighi.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09573d.htm. Notes Malpighi is founder of comparative physiology.

"Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)."  http://www.webref.org/scientists/malpighi.htm:

An Italian scientist and physician who studied tissues and organs microscopically and is considered the founder of microanatomy. He related anatomy and physiology to medicine, including detailed structure of lungs, kidneys, spleen, and other organs, and the capillary circulation in frogs (1660). He later studied the structure of plants and animals and may have referred to cells when he spoke of "globules" and "saccules" (1661). He discovered the existence of blood capillaries, whose existence had been hypothesized by William Harvey about 30 years earlier. In addition, he studied the development of organs of chick embryos and erroneously concluded that the adult was preformed in a miniature form in the egg.

"Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)," http://www.microscopy.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/malpighi.html

http://9.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MA/MALPIGHI_MARCELLO.htm

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/M/Malpighi/1.html

http://www.spaceship-earth.org/Biograph/Malpighi.htm

Eustachio Manfredi *** Not in Gale

(1674-1739).  Italian astronomer, mathematician, specialist in hydraulics.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/manfredi.html

Manfredi's publications were heavily in astronomy. Around c. 1690, he frabricated his own astronomical instruments.  However, he also wrote a number of opinions on hydraulic questions (which were published in the collections on that subject), and he edited Guglielmini's work on rivers.  For years he was the superintendent of waters for Bologna. In that position he appears to have been the principal agent behind the planned diversion of the Reno into the Po that upset everyone outside of Bologna.  He went to Ravenna to repair damage caused by rivers and to advise on planned diversions. He was called to Rome to advise on draining the Pontine Marches, and to the Val di Chiana and to Lucca on questions of hydraulics.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences (1726), Royal Society (1729).  In1690, he founded his own scientific academy, the Accademia degli Inquieti, a private institution that became the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna in 1714.  He became a member of the Bologna "colony" of the Arcadia in 1699 and (as a literary figure) of the Accademia della Crusca in 1706.  Manfredi corresponded extensively with many of the leading mathematicians of Europe.

http://www.scienzagiovane.unibo.it/scienziati/Manfredi-1.html (in Italian)

http://www.polybiblio.com/phillips/662.html:

 "In 1715 Manfredi completed his two-volume Ephemerides motuum coelestium for 1715-1725, based on the still unpublished tables of Cassini in Paris, his predecessor in the chair of astronomy at Bologna. Intended, unlike most of its predecessors, not for astrological use but for practical astronomy, the ephemeris were of unusual extent and practicability. They included tables of the meridian crossing of the planets, tables of the eclipses of the satellites of Jupiter and of the conjunction of the moon and the principal stars, as well as maps of the regions of the earth affected by solar eclipses. The ephemeris were preceded by a volume of instructions including tables that were reprinted by Eustachio Zanotti in 1750" (DSB). Manfredi was lecturer in mathematics at the University of Bologna, and one of the leading observational astronomers of the eighteenth century. This was his first major publication.

Patricia Ann Pritchett Mangan

(Born 1953).  Statistician. staff specialist, N.C. Baptist Hospital, 2000; statis. analyst, N.C. Baptist Hospital, Winston-Salem, 1999-2000; Senior staff scientist, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, 1996-99; Director software Development, ARJAY Equipment Corp., Winston-Salem, N.C., 1993-96; Senior staff R&D statistician, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, N.C., 1990-93; Senior R&D statistician, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, N.C., 1986-90; R&D statistician, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, N.C., 1982-86; tobacco Development statistician, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, N.C., 1978-82. Education: BS, Purdue University, 1975; MS, Purdue University, 1977.

Member: American Statistics Association, Washington Statistics Association, Purdue Alumni Association.
Honors:  Recipient G.R. DiMarco award, 1990, 96, Excaliber award for Outstanding Performance, 1991, 93.

Editor Journal of Sensory Studies, 1992-95; Contributor of articles to science journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Dr. John Mann *** Not in Gale

Agriculturist, former director of Director of Alan Fletcher Research Station.

Interview: http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/3516.asp

Donald H. Mansfield

(Born October 30, 1951 in Salem, Oregon, United States). Biologist, educator.

 Donald H. Mansfield is professor of biology at Albertson College of Idaho, Caldwell, Idaho, 1989 and curator of the Harold M. Tucker Herbarium. Research interests: Flora of Steens Mountain; Floristics of SW Idaho and SE Oregon; Evolution of

SW Idaho flora; Biology of rare plants; Subalpine flora and plant succession; Environmental control of plant metabolism, growth and development; Physiologic ecology of plants; Laboratory, field, and problem-solving education in biology.  Previous posts:  Associate Professor of biology and environmental studies, Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida, 1984-89; Assistant Professor of biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, 1981-84; postdoctoral plant physiologist, University of California, Davis, 1979-81.  Education: BA, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, 1973; MS, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1977; DA, Idaho State University, 1979.

Member: Idaho Academy of Science (President 2000-2001). Phi Beta Kappa, 1973-present; Sigma Xi, 1978-present; National Association of Biology Teachers, 1977-present; Association for Biology Lab. Educators, 1979-present; American Institute of Biological Science, 1984-present.

Author: Flora of Steens Mountain, 2000.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Curriculum vitae: http://www.albertson.edu/biology/media/pdfs/mansfieldcv.pdf

Neil A. Manson *** Not in Gale
Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia, 2002.

Neil A. Manson earned his Ph.D. in philosophy from Syracuse University in 1998. Afterwards, he held the positions of Gifford Research Fellow in Natural Theology at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland
(1999-2001) and Postdoctoral Research Associate at the Center for Philosophy of Religion at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana (2001-2002). His general interests include metaphysics, philosophy of religion, and philosophy of science, with a specific emphasis on the design argument for the existence of God. He has authored several published articles on the topic and recently finished editing Godand Design: The Teleological Argument and Modern Science (Routledge, 2003).

From http://www.has.vcu.edu/phi/philos/philfac/manson.html

Sir Patrick Manson

(1844-1922). Scottish parasitologist. The father of tropical medicine.  Manson earned his MD from Aberdeen Medical School in 1865.  Manson was posted to Formosa (Taiwan) as medical officer for the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs in the southwestern port of Takao (Kaohsiung). It was Manson's responsibility to inspect ships and treat crews, which gave him ample opportunity to observe tropical diseases.  He later settled at Amoy (Xiamen), a port on the Chinese mainland, as head of Baptist Missionary Hospital and engaged in private practice (1871); settled in Hong Kong (1883); instituted school of medicine which developed into university and medical school of Hong Kong. To London (1890); instrumental in foundation (1899) of London School of Tropical Medicine and taught there (to 1914). First to enunciate (1877-78) hypothesis that the mosquito was the host of the malarial parasite at one stage of its existence, and thus an active agent in spreading malaria.

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.  "Behind the Frieze - Sir Patrick Manson (1844-1922)," http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/manson.html

He wrote Manual of Tropical Diseases which promptly became a bestseller in its field. He retired in 1912 to fish in Ireland but returned to London at the beginning of the First World War. Despite crippling attacks of gout he continued to take a lively interest in medical education until his death in 1922.

http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/famousfirst241.html

http://www.uclh.org/about/history/biographies.shtml

Giacomo Filippo Maraldi

(1665-1729). Italian astronomer. Nephew of J. D. Cassini; lived in Paris (from 1687). Discovered that the dark division observed by Cassini was the line of demarcation between two of Saturn's rings; recognized the variability of one of the stars in the constellation Hydra (1704); author of a star catalogue.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/maraldi.html

http://www.pianeta-marte.it/nasce_aerografia/maraldi/maraldi_giacomo_filippo.htm (in Italian)

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/maraldif.html (in Italian)

http://www.cosmovisions.com/Maraldi.htm (in French)

Norman Henry March

(Born 1927). Professor of physics, University of Sheffield 1961-72; Professor of theoretical solid-state physics Imperial College, London 1972-77; University of Oxford: Coulson Professor and head Dept of Theoretical Chemistry 1977-94, Professorial Fellow University College, 1977-94, Professor Emeritus 1994-present; former chairman: Condensed Matter Physics Committee, Institute of Physics London, Advisory Committee on Condensed Matter Int Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy; Hon DTech Chalmers University Gothenburg Sweden 1980.

Jean Marchant *** Not in Gale

(1650-1738).  French botanist.  Catholic.  Father was Nicolas Marchant.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/marchant_jea.html

Marchant devoted almost all his life's work to the preparation of the Histoire des plantes. When the Académie decided to give up the project, he continued to prepare botanical descriptions. Although the greater part of this work remained unpublished, some fifteen of his notices did appear in the Academy's memoires. Among these, his "Observations sur la nature des plantes" deals with the notion of partial transformism among plants, thus foreshadowing one of the tenets of evolution.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1678-1678, académicien botaniste, replacing his father.  1699, pensionnaire botaniste, premier titulaire.

Nicolas Marchant *** Not in Gale

(Birth unknown-1678).  French botanist.  Pharmacologist.  Father of Jean Marchant.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/marchant_nic.html

Marchant devoted the last ten years of his life to the preparation of the Histoire des plantes, undertaken in 1667 by the Académie. He prepared a large number of descriptions for this project which was never published, being abandoned by the Academy in 1694. He collaborated in editing the Mémoire pour servir ŕ l'histoire des plantes (1676). He was the first botanist to take up the study of lower plants.

Member: Founding member, Académie Royal des Sciences, 1666-78.

Jan Marek Marci of Kronland / in Latin Johannes Marcus Marci, S.J. *** Not in Gale

(1595-1667).  Bohemian physician, mechanic, optician, mathematician.  Catholic. According to Jesuit sources he was admitted to the Society shortly before his death.

http://www.informationblast.com/Johannes_Marcus_Marci.html

"Jan Marek Marci of Kronland, in Latin Johannes Marcus Marci (1595--1677), was a doctor and scientist in Bohemia (present Czech Republic). He spent most of his career as a professor of Charles University in Prague, where he served as Dean of the medical school and Rector. He was also personal doctor of Emperors Ferdinand III and Leopold I, and distinguished himself in the defense of Prague against the Swedish armies in 1648. His studies covered the mechanics of colliding bodies, epilepsy, and the refraction of light, among other topics."

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/marci.html

Marci's most important work was accomplished in medicine and physics. The De proportione motus (1639) contained his theory of the collision of bodies and gave an account of the experiments whereby he reached it. He also carried out research in optics, setting down most of his results in Thaumantias liber de arcu coelesti (1648). Also Disssertatio de natura iridis (1650).

His medical works involved philosophical as well as theological problems. He was a follower of the school of Paracelsus. He renewed the idea that an organic body develops from a semen. The powers of a creative spirit are put into individuals by God in the process of creating the world. Every individual can renew himself. In all, a Platonic-Stoic conception of nature close to van Helmont and Leibniz. He devoted particular attention to questions of what would now be termed neurology, physiology and psychophysiology, in treatises that have not yet been fully evaluated. He also tried to adopt a purely medical approach to disease and to analyze critically both previous descriptions of epileptic fits and existing theories of their origin.

Author: Idearum operaticum idea,1636; Philosophia vetus restitute, 1662; Othosophia seu philosophia impulsus universalis, 1683; De longitudine seu differentia inter duos meridianos, 1650.

http://www.polybiblio.com/jahill/HillBibl-Selections625.0.html:

Marci (1595-1667), professor of medicine at Prague University has been called the "Bohemian Galileo." Needham, in his History of Embryology, describes Marci's theories regarding embryology in the present book as a "development of extraordinary interest" (p. 80)."His Idearum Operatricium Idea, published in 1635, was a mixture of purely scientific contributions to optics, and speculative theories about embryology. Thus he explained the production of manifold complexity from the seed in generation by an analogy with lenses, which will produce complicated beams from a simple light-source. The formative force radiates from the geometrical centre of the foetal body, creating complexity but losing nothing of its own power..."Marcus Marci thus links together the following trends of thought: (1) the old Aristotelian theory of seed and blood, (2) the new rationalistic mathematical attitude to generation as e.g. in Gassendi and Descartes, (3) the new experimental approach, in his contributions to optics, (4) the cabbalistic mysticism of light as the fountain and origin of things. Finally (5) by his brilliant guess of centres of radiant energy, he anticipates much of modern embryology (field theories, fate of part as function of positions, etc.). Pagel and Baumann give an elaborate discussion of his opinions."Needham, pp. 80-81. The present book contains "his theory of the collision of bodies (particularly elastic bodies) and gave an account of the experiments whereby he reached it. Although these experiments are described precisely, Marci was unable to formulate general quantitative laws from them, since his results were not drawn from exact measurements of either of the sizes and weights of the spheres that he employed or of the direction and velocity of their motion. Rather, he was content with simple comparisons of the properties that he investigated, characterizing them as being 'smaller,' 'bigger,' or 'the same' as each other...despite these shortcomings, his observations and conclusions are generally right. He was able to distinguish different qualities of spheres and to state the concepts of solid bodies and of quantity of motion."D.S.B., IX., p. 97.The delightfully engraved title-page illustrates many of the experiments described in the book: weights being dropped from a high tower, a cannon being fired, careening balls on a billiard table, sparks flying off a grinding wheel (centrifugal force), a man swinging from two ropes (pendulum motion), and a man batting a ball against a wall.Marci "was the first to make substantial progress with the difficult problem of impact, a problem that Galileo touched on without success and that Descartes completely muffed."E.C. Watson in American Journal of Physics, Vol. 16 (1948), pp. 246-47.III.  The present book, concerned with the theory of collisions, is a continuation and elaboration of his 1639 publication De Proportione Motus seu Regula Sphygmica. In this work, Marci responds to criticisms made of his 1639 book [see item II] and presents new theories concerning the geometrical form of bodies in movement, the properties of free fall, the duration of the oscillation of a pendulum and its length, etc. There are a number of references to Galileo.

"Marci also carried out research in optics, setting down most of his results in Thaumantias...(1648). In his optical experiments, designed to explain the phenomenon of the rainbow, Marci placed himself in the line of such Bohemian and Moravian investigators as Kepler, Christophe Scheiner, Baltasar Konrad, and Melchior Hanel. In his experiments on the decomposition of white light, for which he employed prisms, Marci described the spectral colors and recorded that each color corresponded to a specific refraction angle. He also stated that the color of a ray is constant when it is again refracted throughout another prism...He did not mention the reconstitution of the spectrum into white light (a result that is first to be found in the work of Newton), although he did study the 'mixture' of colored rays. He also made inconclusive experiments on light phenomena on thin films."D.S.B., IX, p. 97.

http://kpedagogika.unas.cz/2003marekmarci.htm (in Czech)

Pavel Šišma .  "Jan Marcus Marci," http://www.math.muni.cz/math/biografie/marcus_marci.html (in Czech)

John P. Marcus *** Not in Gale

Biochemist and Molecular Biologist.  Senior Research Officer at the Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Plant Pathology, University of Queensland, Australia. His research involves the discovery and characterisation of anti-microbial proteins from plant sources to enhance disease resistance in agriculturally important plants.  Marcus obtained his B.A. Degree with a Major in Chemistry at Dordt College, Sioux Center, Iowa in 1987. His Ph.D. in biological chemistry at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1993 involved research on enzymes. John and Amy Marcus and their two young children attend the Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Australia, Brisbane.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/marcus-j.html

http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/562.asp

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Henry Margenau

Born April 30, 1901, in Bielefeld, Germany; naturalized U.S. citizen; died February 8, 1997, in Hamden, CT. Scientist, educator, author. Margenau was an authority in the field of spectroscopy. He worked extensively with microwave theory, which contributed to the study of radar during World War II. Margenau worked as an educator, teaching physics and natural philosophy. He served on the faculty of Yale University for more than forty years. He earned the title of Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics and Natural Philosophy while at Yale. He also was visiting Professoressor at the University of Pennsylvania, University of Heidelberg, and Carleton College, among others. He also served as the Center for Integrative Education's executive director beginning in 1969, and was an editor with the Foundation of Physics. Margenau also was a consultant to organizations such as the Social Science Research Council, General Electric Company, and Lockheed Corporation. He wrote some ten books, including Einstein's Space and Van Gogh's Sky,The Miracle of Existence, Ethics and Science, The Nature of Physical Reality, and Integrated Principles of Modern Thought.

Professor Henry Margenau.  "Why I am a Christian" http://www.leaderu.com/truth/1truth16.html

FrČre Marie-Victorin / Frere Marie-Victorin / Conrad Kirouac

FrČre Marie-Victorin (1885-1944) achieved international acclaim for his botanical work on the plants of the Laurentian Mountains of Quebec, Canada. A member of many Canadian and international learned societies, Marie-Victorin wrote a number of works that are considered important to the field of botany and have often received awards. He taught at the University of Montreal for more than two decades and advocated the popularization of science, often working with children's groups. "He can truly be said to have been one of the founding fathers of modern intellectual enterprise in French Canada," Dictionary of Literary Biography contributor Michel Gaulin wrote of the botanist.

http://www.mrst.gouv.qc.ca/_an/programmes/prixduquebec/_PrixQc_Qui_etait/marie_victorin.html

http://www1.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=197

Edme Mariotte *** Not in Gale

(c. 1620-1684).  French physicist, mechanic, optician, botanist, hydaulics specialist, meteorologist, engineer, navigation specialist.  Catholic. Titular abbot and prior of St. Martin de Beaumont sur Vingeanne.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mariotte.html

Mariotte's work on plant physiology drew the attention of the Académie soon after its founding in 1666. He held the "singular doctrine" that sap circulated through plants in a manner analogous to the circulation of blood in animals.

Mariotte had a wide range of interests including mathematics, geometrical optics, hydrostatics, and the laws of impact. At the Académie he participated in several of the investigations both inside and outside his area of speciality. He participated in the installation of the the hydraulic system at Versailles and directed some important hydraulic experiments at the chateau de Condé in Chantilly and at the Observatory. He conducted experiments on the refraction of light, barometric changes, and falling bodies among many others. With Cassini and Picard he examined a work on navigation and the problem of longitude. The strength of his work was in his ability to recognize the importance of results, confirming them by new and careful experiments, and drawing out the implications of the results.

In 1668 he wrote, Nouvelle découverte touchant la veue, on optics and his experiments to locate the blind spot in vision. Traité de la percussion ou choc des corps (1673), became a standard work on the subject of laws of inelastic and elastic impact. Mariotte's law (i.e., Boyle's Law) appeared in his De la nature de l'air (1679) in which he described the isothermal behavior of an enclosed mass of air. Mariotte's final work published posthumously (1686), Traité du mouvement des eaux et des autres corps fluides, treated the theory of the motion of bodies in a resisting medium using natural springs, artificial fountains, and the flow of water through pipes as his topic.

In 1672 Mariotte published, Traité du nivellement, a work describing a new form of level using the surface of free-standing water as the horizontal reference and employing a reflection mark on the sight stick to gain greater accuracy in sighting. He gave full instructions for the instrument's use and discussed its accuracy with respect to other levels.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1666-1684.  Mariotte entered the Académie as a physicist but was soon sharing in the work of the mathematicians. His work was known to the Royal Society and cited in Newton's Principia. Mariotte recognized the important role that international cooperation could play in science. He sent for information and shared information with societies in London, Warsaw, Constantinople, and in Spain and Italy.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09671a.htm or http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/M/Mariotte/1.html:

Mariotte's fame rests on his work on hydrostatics and on the establishment of the law of gases that bears his name. This was first published in an essay on the nature of air in 1676. "The diminution of the volume of the air proceeds in proportion to the weights with which it is loaded." This law is now stated as follows: "The volume of a gas, kept at a constant temperature, changes inversely as the pressure upon the gas." This is the fundamental generalization of our knowledge concerning gases. He invented a device for proving and illustrating the laws of impact between bodies. The bobs of two pendulums are struck against each other, and the resultant motions are measured and studied. He added to the mathematical deductions of Galileo, Pascal, and others, a number of experimental demonstrations of the laws of the pendulum, of the flow of water through orifices, of hydrostatic pressure etc. Mariotte's flask is an ingenious device to obtain a uniform flow of water. His work included experiments on heat and cold, light, sight, and color. He was a member of the Royal Society of Science from its foundation in 1666. His contributions (Oeuvres) were collected and published at Leyden in 1717, and again at The Hague in 1740.

http://30.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MA/MARIOTTE_EDME.htm

http://histoirechimie.free.fr/Lien/MARIOTTE.htm  (in French)

Boyle-Mariotte Law.  http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Boyle-Mariotte%20law

http://www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Edme_Mariotte.html (in German)

Georg Markgraf / Georg Marcgraf *** Not in Gale

(1610-1644).  Dutch astronomer, botanist, zoologist, cartographer, military engineer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/markgraf.html

In 1638, Markgraf sailed with military and exploratory expedition to Dutch settlements in Brazil under Maurice of Nassau. The expedition founded the town of Mauritzstad and built the castle of Vrijburg (in the tower of which Markgraf had an observatory) on Antonio Vaz island (Recife). Markgraf drew up the plan of the city and its fortifications, and mapped the region from Rio Sao Francisco to Ceara and Maranhao.

Dr. Frank Marsh *** Not in Gale

(1899-1992) Dr. Frank Marsh, Ph. D. in Botany from the University of Nebraska, says that "if evolutionists had not wasted a generation of hard work in trying to pick up a trail which never existed, biology would be at least a generation further along in the discovery of the laws and processes which do exist" (Marsh, Evolution, Creation and Science (1947),. p. 285).

http://www.geocities.com/lclane2/marshtimeline.html

John Harrison Marsh

(Born June 25, 1954 in Auburn, Washington, United States).  Biologist.  Environmental planner, environmentalist.  Certification: Bar: Oregon 1986.  Director ESA program, Parametrix, Inc., Portland, 1999; Manager habitat and production, N.W. Power Planning Council, Portland, 1996-99; Enhancement Act coordinator, N.W. Power Planning Council, Portland, 1985-96; fisheries ecologist, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Portland, 1979-85; public info. officer, enhancement coordinator, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Portland, 1978-79; fisheries biologist, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Astoria, 1978; fisheries biologist, National Marine Fisheries Service, Portland, Oregon, 1977-78; Research Assistant, EPA, Corvallis, Oregon, 1975-77.   Instructor science and technical of watershed Management Portland State University, 1997; speaker, expert witness in field; guest Lecturer Lewis and Clark College, 1984, 95, Portland State University, 1995, 96, 98; field leader streamkeeper program Oregon Trout, 1997, 98.  Education: BS, Oregon State University, 1977; JD, Lewis & Clark College, 1985; certified, Lewis & Clark College, 1985.

Member: American Fisheries Society (certified professional fisheries scientist, exec. committee Portland chapter 1981-84, v.p. 1981-82, President 1982-83, chair legis. committee Oregon chapter 1988-89, program committee 1980-81, riparian committee Western division 1982-83, convenor various sessions, native peoples fisheries committee 1982-88, chair 1984-86, resolutions committee 1985-86, strategic plan devel committee, 1993-95, other coms.), Oregon State Bar Association, Native America Fish and Wildlife Association, Oregon Wine Brotherhood (chair Benefit Auction and Barrel Tasting 1995), Great Lovers of Wine Society Oregon (President 1988).  Organizer food drive Friends of Seasonal Workers, 1987; chair ann. employer food drive Sunshine Divsn., 1987; Board of Directors Panavista Park Homeowners Association, 1991-93, Member architectural review committee, 1990, chair, 1991; Riverwest Church lead Sunday school instructor grades 5-6, 1992-96, adult Bible study instructor, 1995-99, Kinship leader, 1994-98, Mexican Youth Mission team, 1994, 95, libr. coordinator, 1995; Assistant scoutmaster Boy Scouts America, 1972-73, 99; Member steering committee Sharing Columbia: Partnerships for Action, 1998; Assistant coach Little League Baseball, 1998, 99.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Contributor of articles to professional publications.

Gailen D. Marshall Jr. / Gailen Daugherty Marshall, Jr.

(Born 1950).  Physician, scientist.  Gailen D. Marshall Jr. is Associate Professor of Medicine and Pathology, and Director of the Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, 1998-present.  Research interests:  Clinical immunoregulation; effects of psychosocial stress on human immunity; pyschoneuroimmunology, nutritional impact on immune responses, experimental immunotherapy Previous positions: Research Scientist, Division of Adult Nephrology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 1982-84; Straight Medicine Intern, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA1984-85; Research Fellow, Division of Allergy-Immunology, University of Iowa City, IA1985-86; Cellular Immunology Division Chief and Laboratory Director, Biotherapeutics, Inc., Memphis, TN1986-88; Senior Clinical Fellow, Division of Allergy-Immunology, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Medical School, Memphis, TN,1988-89; Chief Medical Resident, University of Tennessee Baptist Memorial Hospital, Memphis, TN, 1988-89; Associate Medical Director, Research for Health, Inc., Houston, TX, 1989-90; Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, 1990-91; Assistant Professor of Medicine and Pathology, Director, Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 1991-98.  Education: BS, University of Houston, 1972; MS, Texas A&M University, 1975; Ph.D., University of Texas, 1979; MD, University of Texas, 1984.

Member: Fellow ACP, American College Allergy and Immunology, American Academy Allergy-Immunology (chair committee); Texas Allergy-Immunology Society (chair committee, Board of directors, 1999-2002), Greater Houston Allergy Society.  Baptist.

Member editorial board Molecular Biotherapy, 1992-93, Cancer Biotherapy, 1994-96, Allergy Proceedings, 1994- present, Annals Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 1995-99, Journal of Interferon Cytokin Research, 1999-present, Clinical Immunology, 2001-present, Journal of Clinical Immunology, 2002-present, Cellular Molecular Allergy, 2003; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Faculty webpage, http://gsbs.gs.uth.tmc.edu/tutorial/marshall.html  Biographical sketch http://gsbs.gs.uth.tmc.edu/biosketches/marshall_g.rtf

http://content.health.msn.com/content/Biography/7/71764.htm

Gailen Marshall.  "Texans' worries about mold are way out of hand," http://www.texasbuildingstandards.org/oped-gailenmarshall.htm, Dallas Morning News, July 14, 2002 or http://www.tala.com/AI/DMN07-14-02.htm, Houston Chronicle,  July 14, 2002.
Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Luigi Ferdinando Marsili / Marsigli

(1658-1730). Italian naturalist, geographer, and soldier. Founded Accademia della Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna (1712); published first treatise on oceanography, Histoire physique de la mer (1724).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/marsili.html

http://www3.unibo.it/avl/storia/marsili.htm (in Italian)

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/marsilil.html (in Italian)

http://www.udenap.org/marshall_autres/marsili_luigi_ferdinando.htm (in French)

http://www.italicon.it/schede/S336-001.htm (in Italian)

Dr. Larry Dean Martin *** Not in Gale

Paleontologist.  Professor and Senior Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology, Museum of Natural History; Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.

Webpage: https://www.ku.edu/~ceas/areas/people/CEAS/Martin_Larry_D.html

Larry D. Martin. "An Iconoclast for Evolution? A Berkeley-educated biologist's attack on the icons of evolution is full of sound and fury, signifying a difference in philosophy-not science," http://www.arn.org/docs/wells/jw_iconoclast0201.htm.  From World and I, February 1, 2001.

Faculty webpage, University of Kansas: http://www.ku.edu/cgiwrap/aims/people?details=5736

http://www.ku.edu/cgiwrap/aims/people

"The Dinosaur Hunters," http://www.kansas.com/mld/kansas/news/special_packages/6793916.htm

Wichita Eagle | 09/17/2003 | The Dinosaur Hunters

Larry W. Martin / Lawrence W. Martin *** Not in Gale

(1956-2002).  Physicist.  Theologist.  Larry Martin is Professor of physics at North Park University in Chicago, IL, and visiting Professor of Physics at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, NC. Co-creator of WebAssign, computer software that provides faculty with the ability to assign, collect and grade students over the World Wide Web.  Martin worked on the original WebAssign project at North Carolina State University in 1997.

Lon Grahnke.  "Web Redefines Course Interaction," Chicago Sun-Times, July 5, 2000.

Nancy Amdur.  "Electronic Mail Keeps Professors' Doors Open at All Hours," Chicago Tribune, November 14, 1999.

Lisa Guernsey.  "Textbooks and Tests That Talk Back: New Software Allows Professors to Provide Instant Feedback to Students," The Chronicle of Higher Education," Information Technology, February 12, 1999. http://chronicle.com/free/v45/i23/23a02101.htm

See www.webassign.net and http://webassign.net/credits.html

Martin has a bachelor of arts in music and education from Virginia Polytechnic Institute, a master of arts in theological studies from Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary in Massachusetts, and a master of science and a doctorate in theoretical solid-state physics from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. In addition to traditional physics courses, Martin occasionally teaches a science/religion course for college and seminary students. He is also a church musician.

 "Professor honored for teaching, campus leadership,"

http://www.insideonline.com/site/epage/5754_162.htm

Lawrence W. Martin, Ph.D., was awarded both the 2002 Zenos Hawkinson Award for Teaching and Campus Leadership and the Student Association Service Award at a recent Honors convocation ceremony at North Park University. Martin has taught physics at North Park since 1991.

The Zenos Hawkinson Award for Teaching Excellence and Campus Leadership honors one of North Park's Professors for superior teaching and leadership at North Park University. Senior students and all faculty members were asked to nominate a Professor who has made significant contributions to teaching and campus leadership in areas including, but not limited to, model classroom teaching, campus leadership, student mentoring, pioneering instructional methodology, or creative course development. The award is given in honor of former North Park History Professor Zenos Hawkinson, who modeled these same qualities during his years at North Park.

The Student Association Service Award nominees are chosen by the Senate, Executive Committee, and Judiciary of the North Park University Student Association. The winner is the Professor students feel has best served the student body each year.

Just a few examples of what students and faculty had to say in their nomination letters about Larry Martin: "Professor Martin is always available and always willing, whether explaining the real meaning of the second law of thermodynamics, talking about theology over coffee, or even opening his home to people who did not have a place to go over the holidays. He is a model and a mentor to many of his students. He is a man of honesty and humor, conviction and compassion, who made it his goal to love the Lord his God with all his emotions, his intellect, and his abilities-his complete being."

"Larry W. Martin," http://lists.pkal.org/people/martin.htm

Recent publications include "The Web Chronology Project" in The History Teacher and "Web-based Testing in Physics Education: Methods and Opportunities" in Computers in Physics, and he contributed a chapter in the book Just-In-Time-Teaching: Blending Active Learning with Web Pedagogy, by Novak, et al., (Prentice Hall, 1999).

Larry Martin, Associate Professor of physics, North Park University. http://www.asa3.org/archive/asa/199703/0314.html

Annie Hawkinson.  "Students Remember Dr. Martin," http://www.northpark.edu/sa/press/02-03/11.01.02.pdf  North Park Press, v. 83, n. 8.  November 1, 2002.

Crisóstomo Martinez *** Not in Gale

(1638-1694).  Spanish-born anatomist, physiologist, microscopist, embryologist, engraver, painter.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/martinez.html

His microscopical anatomical work, especially of bone structure, puts him among the leading early microscopists.

Reproduction of Crisostomo Martinez Microscope (1680), http://www.historiadelamedicina.org/microscopio.html (in Spanish):  Crisóstomo Martinez began to work in an anatomical atlas in 1980. At the request of the University of Valencia and the authorities of the city, Carlos II granted economic aid to him to carry out the project.  The work in Valencia began in 1687 and was transferred to Paris for completion. There it entered in relation to the scientific atmosphere of Académie of Sciences.  His drawings and manuscripts are a reflection of the scientific movement that developed in Spain at the end of the 17^th century.

Todd Martinez *** Not in Gale
Todd J. Martínez, Associate Professor of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

From webpage: http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/chem/gmartin.htm

Professor Martínez was awarded the B.S. in chemistry by Calvin College in 1989 and the Ph.D. in chemistry by the University of California (Los Angeles) in 1994. He was a Fulbright Fellow at the Fritz Haber Institute for Molecular Dynamics in Jerusalem, Israel and a University of California Presidential Postdoctoral Fellow at UCLA for two years prior to joining the faculty at University of Illinois in 1996. His research interests are in theoretical chemistry with particular emphasis on electronic structure and molecular dynamics. Honors and awards: Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar, Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundations (2000); Sloan Fellow, Sloan Foundation (1999); Beckman Young Investigator Award, Beckman Foundation (1999); Packard Fellow, Packard Foundation (1999); University of California President's Postdoctoral Fellow; Fulbright Junior Researcher; NSF CAREER Investigator; Research Corporation Research Innovation Award.

Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology profile: http://www.beckman.uiuc.edu/faculty/martinez.html

Martinez Research Group: http://mtzweb.scs.uiuc.edu/

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Nevil Maskelyne

(1732-1811). English astronomer. Ordained minister (1755); deputed to observe transit of Venus at St. Helena (1761); experimented en route on determination of longitude by method of lunars, which method he introduced in his British Mariner's Guide (1763); astronomer royal (1765); invented prismatic micrometer; supervised publication of annual Nautical Almanac (1766-1811); suggested and carried out Mt. Schiehallion experiment for determining earth's density from deviations of the plumb line (1774).

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Maskelyne.html

http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-nevil-maskelyne.htm

Niccolo Massa *** Not in Gale

(1485-1569).  Italian anatomist, physician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/massa.html

Massa undertook a program of dissection and investigation of the human body at least from 1526 to 1533, producing a treatise entitled Liber introductorius anatomiae (Venice, 1536), which remained the best brief textbook on the subject for a generation.

He also wrote on pestilential fevers, on syphilis, and on medicine in general.

Member: Medical College.  He entered the Venetian College of Physicians in 1521.

Walter Eugene Massey

(Born 1938).  Physicist, educator, science foundation administrator. He was nominated by President George Bush to be director of the National Science Foundation and became the second African American to hold this post. President, Morehouse College, Atlanta, 1995; Senior v.p. Academy of affairs, University California System, 1993-95; Director, NSF, Washington, 1991-93; v.p. for Research and for Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, 1984-91; Director, Argonne National Laboratory, 1979-84; Professor physics, University of Chicago, 1979-93; Professor, Dean of College, Brown University, Providence, 1975-79; Associate Professor of physics, Brown University, Providence, 1970-75; Assistant Professor physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, 1968-70; physicist, Argonne (Illinois) National Laboratory, 1966-68.

"The Faces of Science: African-Americans in the Sciences.  Walter Eurgene Massey: Physicist (Theoretical and Solid State)," http://www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/massey.html:

He received a Bachelor of Science from Morehouse College in 1958. He earned both a Master of Science and Ph.D. in Physics from Washington University in 1966. Professor Massey's research in theoretical and solid state physics deals with many-body problems, quantum liquids, and quantum solids.

On June 1, 1995, Dr. Walter E. Massey was named ninth president of Morehouse. Massey served previously as provost and senior vice president-academic. Massey was the director of the National Science Foundation, the government's lead agency for support of research and education in mathematics, science and engineering.

Member: AAAS (Board of Directors 1981-85, President-elect 1987-88, President 1988-89, Chairman 1989-90), American Physics Society (councillor-at-large 1980-83, v.p. 1990), Energy Advisory Board (chair 1997-99), Mellon Foundation, Amoco Corp., Motorola, Inc., Bank of America Corp., McDonald's Corp., BP Amoco, Gates Millenium Scholars Advisory Council, Marine Biology Laboratory Council Visitors, Smithsonian Institute Board Regents, Sigma Xi.  Member of the National Science Board (1978-1983); Trustee, Brown University; Trustee, Rand Corporation; Visiting Committee for the Physics Department of MIT and Harvard; Superconducting Supercollider Site Evaluation Committee of the National Academies of Science and Engineering; Co-Chairman, AAAS Steering Committee for the Project to Strengthen the Scientific and Engineering Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Honors: Distinguished Service Citation of the American Association of Physics Teachers, 1975, New York Academy of Sciences, Archie Lacey Memorial Award, 1992; Morehouse College, Bennie Trailblazer Award, 1992; Morgan State University, Distinguished Achievement Award, 1992; Golden Plate Award, 1992. Recipient over 25 hon. degrees; NAS Fellow, 1961, NDEA Fellow, 1959-60, AAAS Fellow, 1962.

Contributor of articles on science education in secondary schools and in theory of quantum fluids to professional journals.

http://www.cs.jmu.edu/common/projects/Af-AmInScience/Physics/Massey.htm

Michael Mästlin *** Not in Gale

(1550-1631.) http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/M/Mastlin/1.html:

German astronomer and mathematician who was one of the first scholars to accept and teach Polish astronomer Copernicus's observation that the Earth orbits the Sun. One of Mästlin's pupils was German mathematician Johannes Kepler.  Mästlin was born in Göppingen, Baden-Württemberg, and studied at Tübingen. In 1580 he became professor of mathematics at Heidelberg and in 1584 at Tübingen, where he taught for 47 years.  In 1573, Mästlin published an essay concerning the nova that had appeared the previous year. Its location in relation to known stars convinced him that the nova was a new star - which implied, contrary to traditional belief, that things could come into being in the spheres beyond the Moon.  Observation of the comets of 1577 and 1580 convinced Mästlin that they also were located beyond the Moon. Together with other observations, this led him explicitly to argue against the traditional cosmology of Aristotle.  However, Mästlin's Epitome of Astronomy 1582, a popular introduction to the subject, propounded a traditional cosmology because this was easier to teach.

Joseph Mastropaolo *** Not in Gale

Aerospace physiologist.  Kinesiologist. Professor Emeritus at California State University, 1994-present.  Adjunct faculty at Institute for Creation Research, Santee, California.  Professor of biomechanics and physiology at California State University (1968-1994), Faculty member at University of Illinois, 1955, University of Iowa, 1955-57, St. Cloud State College, 1957-58, Western State College, 1958-61.  Education: B.S. in Kinesiology, Brooklyn College, NY, 1950; M.S. in Kinesiology, University of Illinois, 1955; Ph.D. in Kinesiology, University of Iowa, 1958; Electrocardiography and Biophysics of the Circulation, University of Chicago, Medical School, 1962-63.

Member: Council on Epidemiology, American Heart Association Fellow, Associate Member: American Physiological Society, International Human Powered Vehicle Association, Council on Epidemiology Fellow.

Patent in crew conditioning for extended manned space missions, 1971.

Reviewer of Journal of Applied Physiology, 1992-96.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/mastropaolo-j.html

Joseph A. Mastropaolo, Ph.D. Kinesiology/Physiology Curriculum vitae: http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/jmastropaolo.html

Joseph Mastropaolo, Ph.D.  "Comments on the proposed new Ohio Department of Education (ODE) Science Standards," http://www.creationists.org/OSBE/joseph_%20mastropaolo.html

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Increase Mather

Increase Mather (1639-1723), American colonial representative, president of Harvard College, and author, was the most prominent member of the second generation in Massachusetts colony.

http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/ASA_INC.HTM

http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/M/Mather-I1.asp

Increase Mather.  "Shifting Signs: Increase Mather and the Comets of 1680 and 1682"- [Early Modern Literary Society 1.3 (December 1995): 3.1-34] .

According to Mather's journal:  "The Lord broke upon my conscience with very terrible convictions and awakenings. I shut myself up . . . and wrote down all the sins which I could remember. . . . I brought them before God, and I cried to him for pardoning mercy. . . . at the close of the day, as I was praying, I gave myself up to Jesus Christ, declaring that I was now resolved to be his servant."

"Increase Mather." Historic World Leaders. Gale Research, 1994.

Kirtley F. Mather / Kirtley Fletcher Mather

Kirtley F. Mather (1888-1978) was a pioneering field geologist who searched successfully for oil deposits in places as varied as the American West and mountains of Bolivia. The report on his Bolivian expedition, which he gave to the Geological Society of America in 1921, led to his thirty-year appointment as a teacher at Harvard University.

Author: Old Mother Earth, Harvard University Press, 1928; Science in Search of God, Holt, 1928; Sons of the Earth, Norton, 1931; (With W. W. Atwood) Physiography and Quaternary Geology of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado (monograph), U.S. Geological Survey, 1932; (With C. J. Roy) Laboratory Manual of Physical and Historical Geology, Appleton-Century, 1934; (With Dorothy Hewitt) Adult Education: A Dynamic for Democracy, Appleton, 1937; (With Shirley L. Mason) A Source Book in Geology, McGraw, 1939, reprinted, Hafner, 1964, published as A Source Book in Geology: 1400-1900, Harvard University Press, 1970; Enough and to Spare, Harper, 1944; Crusade for Life, University of North Carolina Press, 1949; A Laboratory Manual For Geology, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Volume 1: (with C. J. Roy and L. R. Thiesmeyer) Physical Geology, 1950, Volume 2: (with C. J. Roy) Historical Geology, 1952; (Contributor) Harlow Shapley, editor, Science Ponders Religion, Appleton, 1960.

The World in Which We Live, Pilgrim Press, 1961; The Earth Beneath Us, Random House, 1964, revised edition, 1975; (Contributor) Jerry R. Tompkins, editor, D-Days in Dayton: Reflections on the Scopes Trial, Louisiana State University Press, 1965; Source Book in Geology: 1900-1950, Harvard University Press, 1967. When Mather was in his eighties he summed up his ideas about the relationship between religion and science in the book The Permissive Universe. Left among his papers at the time of his death, the manuscript was edited by his daughter Florence and her husband and was published in 1986.

Kennard B. Bork.  "A Scientist Concerned About Society: Kirtley F. Mather (1888-1978)," Denison University Department of Geology and Geography, Granville, OH 43203.

Reprinted from GSA Today, July 1996, http://geoclio.st.usm.edu/mather.html

John Mathwig

(Born March 18, 1944).  Biologist, entomologist, educator.  Member faculty College of Lake County, Grayslake, Illinois, 1970-present, Professor biology and entomology, 1976-present, Assistant Chairman Biological and health sciences division, 1979-83, curator insect collection, 1970; Director Entomology Research Lab., Lake Villa, Illinois, 1982; mosquito control consultant, Director quality control and environmental assessment Protection Unlimited, Lake Villa, 1982; President WillowPoint Industries, Mundelein, Illinois, 1984; Principal investigator-mosquitos Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration Project, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Research Program, 1985; aquatic Consultant, 1975.  Education: BS, University of Wisconsin, 1966; Ph.D., Kansas  University, 1971.

Member: National Association Biology Teachers, American Association Mosquito Control, Illinois Mosquito Control Association, Presbyterian.

Author: Biology Lab Manual, 1973, Environmental Biology, 1977, 3d edit., 1986, Insects and Common Pests, 1987; author, editor: The Environ Newsletter, 1982; Contributor of articles in field to newspapers.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Pietro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli / Pierandrea Mattiolo *** Not in Gale

(1501-1577).  Italian-born physician, chemist, botanist, pharmacologist, geographer.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mattioli.html

In 1544 Mattioli published Di Pedacio Dioscoride anazarbeo libri cinque, which through revisions and expansions, made him famous. It is a practical scientific treatise intended for daily use by physicians, herbalists, and others. Cappelletti insists that the commentary on Dioscorides is also the work of a dedicated student of botany. Before this he had published De morbi gallici curandi ratione, dialogus (Bologna, 1530), a traditional examination of the origins and treatment of syphilis (in which he was either the first or one of the first to recommend mercury as a cure), and later Epistola de bulbocastaneo (Prague, 1558), another work in botany. He published as well a series of writings on various medical subjects.  In 1558 he translated Ptolemy's Geography into Italian.

During his stay in Trentino (1528-1539), he became an intimate friend, adviser, and physician to Cardinal Clesio, bishop of Trento, who developed a great esteem for him. Mattioli published an account, in poetry, of the Cardinal's palace, Il magno palazzo.  He was royal physician first at the court of Ferdinand I and then at that of Maximilian II. Ferdinand, who was an avid collector, while Archduke of Tyrol, influenced the publication of the commentary on Dioscorides. He employed illustrators to make the engravings, and later he arranged to have the work translated into Czech.

Mattioli wrote a short treatise on the method of distillation.

Mattioli was a friend of Ghini (with whom he exchanged plants) and of Gesner.  Stannard speaks of an extensive correspondence with other naturalists. His letters to Aldrovandi were published by Fantuzzi and Raimondi.  He also carried on acrimonious disputes with Anguillara and Lusitanus.

http://www.todayinsci.com/cgi-bin/indexpage.pl?http://www.todayinsci.com/3/3_23.htm:

Di Pedacio Dioscoride Anazarbeo libri cinque (1544) served as one of the bases for the development of modern botany.

Edward Walter Maunder *** Not in Gale

(1851-1928). The English astronomer who first identified the period from 1645 to 1715, now known as the Maunder minimum, during which the recorded number of sunspots and auroras was extremely low.

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=enweath2065&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

Edward Walter Maunder, The Astronomy of the Bible: An Elementary Commentary on the 

Astronomical References of Holy Scripture (New York: Mitchell Kennerley,  ca. 1908.

Pierre Louis de Maupertuis

(1698-1759).  A mathematician, biologist, and astronomer, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis was a strong proponent of Sir Isaac Newton's theory of gravitation, helped confirm Newton's theory on the exact shape of the earth, and formulated the principle of least action in physics. Born in Saint Malo, France, Maupertuis had a wide range of scientific interests. As a biologist, he wrote Systéme de la Nature, in which he provided the first accurate scientific record of a dominant hereditary trait transmitted among humans. He also introduced the theory of the survival of the fittest in his Essai de Cosmologie, a theory that Charles Darwin later expounded to wide acceptance.

http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Maupertuis.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Pierre-Louis%20Moreau%20de%20Maupertuis

http://www.mikkeli.fi/opetus/myk/pv/comenius/maupertuis.htm

http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jlynch/Frank/People/maupert.html

http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/pierre_louis_maupertuis

Francesco Maurolico / Marul / Marol *** Not in Gale

(1494-1575).  Italian mathematician, astronomer, optician, mechanic, musician, geographer, military engineer, instrument-maker.  Catholic.

http://www.polybiblio.com/blroot/4699.html:

"Maurolico is described by Sarton as one of the most remarkable men of the Renaissance. He made major contributions to the fields of astronomy, mathematics, optics, music, and geodesy (see Arnaldo Masotti, DSB, IX, pp. 190-94)."

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/maurlico.html:

Maurolico received orders in 1521. When he became abbot of S. Maria del Parto in 1550, he probably took the Benedictine vows. This was the only benefice he ever held.

Photismi de lumine et umbra was completed in manuscript form in 1521 but published only in 1622, with his Diaphana, which was also an early work.  Maurolico made extensive plans and preparations for the publication of the major works of classical Greek geometry, correcting earlier editions which he found highly defective. With one exception he was not able to carry these plans all the way to publication, although a number of the works were published from his manuscripts after his death.

He published a Cosmographia (Ptolemaic, in the same year as Copernicus' De revoutionibus) and observations of the new star of 1572.  He also published an edition of Aristotle's Mechanical Problems, and a work on music.

Toward the end of his life he compiled a summary of Ortelius's Theatrum orbis terrarum and a geographical work on the islands of the world.

In1541, at the request of Jacopo Gastaldo he made a map of Sicily (published 1575).  He published on the construction of the astrolabe and on astronomical instruments in general.

J.J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson.  "Francisco Maurolico," http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Maurolico.html

The Maurolico Project. http://maurolico.free.fr/introen.htm

Pier Daniele Napolitani. Description of the Maurolico Project.  http://maurolico.free.fr/progeten.htm

"Francesco Maurolico (1494-1575) was one of the main mathematicians of 16^th century Europe. He spent most of his life in Messina and in Sicily, a marginal location with respect to the main cultural centers of the time: Roma, Venezia, Firenze, Urbino. This fact did not prevent him from devising a huge program of restoration and recovering of classical mathematics. In 1575, at the end of his life, he had accomplished editions, compendia, commentaries of the treatises of Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius, Serenus, Theodosius, Menelaus, Ptolemaeus, Autolycus. In addition to the works on those authors, presented ex traditione Maurolyci and hence philologically very approximative, he completed a series of original treatises in several domains of mathematics (optics, arithmetic, statics, gnomonics, astronomy): results and proof-methods can be found in them going beyond the most advanced results and refined proof-methods of classical antiquity."

Rhabanus Maurus *** Not in Gale

(c776-856) Abbot of Fulda, Archbishop of Mainz, celebrated theological and pedagogical writer of the ninth century.  His chief pedagogical works are: "De universo", a sort of encyclopedia in 22 books, based on the Etymologies of Isidore; "De computo ", a treatise on reckoning; "Excerptio de arte grammatica Prisciani", a treatise on grammar, etc. Other important works are: "De ecclesiastics discipline"; sermons, treatises, a martyrology, and a penitential.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12617a.htm

Matthew Fontaine Maury

The American naval officer and oceanographer Matthew Fontaine Maury (1806-1873) is remembered chiefly for his The Physical Geography of the Sea of 1855, now recognized as the first textbook of modern oceanography.

The Fontaine-Maury Society, http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~rbr3325/fontainemauryhome.html

William Maury Morris II. http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~lpproots/Fountaine/mfm-01.htm

William Maury Morris II. http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~lpproots/Fountaine/mfm-02.htm

William Maury Morris II. http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~lpproots/Fountaine/mfm-03.htm

http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG97/monument/maurybio.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

James Clerk Maxwell

The Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) formulated important mathematical expressions describing electric and magnetic phenomena and postulated the identity of light as an electromagnetic action.

Baptist.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Maxwell.html, or

http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Maxwell.html

"A Visit to James Clerk Maxwell's House,"