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To Be Seen, or Not to Be Seen
Is the Bible Contradictory Concerning God's Visibility?
James Patrick Holding
This issue involves a host of verses in which God is said to be "seen" in some way, and these are variously set against the following:
John 1:18 No man hath seen God at any time.(cf. John 6:46)
Exodus 33:20 And he said, Thou canst not see my face; for there shall no man see me and live.
1 Tim. 6:16 Whom no man hath seen nor can see.
A general answer often given is that these verses indicate that God cannot be seen by men when in his full glory. God can be seen when in lesser form - as in the incarnation of Jesus Christ, or a theophany. These lesser forms are indicated, although their nature probably not fully understood by all of the writers, in Exod. 24:9,10, Amos 9:1, Gen. 26:2 and 32:30, John 14:9, and Ex. 33:11. This response is basically correct, but requires some further
elucidation. We are dealing with skeptics, after all, who simply read the Bible in English on their own terms and do not even bother to try to understand it in terms that those who wrote it would. We shall analyze the relevant verses in a chronological order so that we can see, not a contradiction, but a paradox that is unraveled before our eyes.
- Gen. 17:1, 26:2 -- Although these are the first
places where it is said that God appears before someone, there is
very little that can actually be drawn from it. God "appears" --
but in what form? It is perhaps important to note that in both
cases, it is Yahweh who appears before Abe and Isaac -- not
Elohim, God's "majestic power" name. We'll get more into
this shortly.
- Gen. 32:30 -- Our next verse in this set is not
really trouble to begin with, because it only reflects what Jacob
thinks and says in the first place! Even so, we can draw something
for this issue from it. First of all, the Hebrew term "face" has an
idiomatic twist which refers to awareness and direct knowledge of
presence, without the help or hindrance of a mediator -- one might
say today, it is a "close encounter" of a personal kind!
Second, note that Jacob here says he sees not
Yahweh, but Elohim. Finally, most important to note
here is Jacob's reaction. He clearly knows that the fact that his
life was preserved is something unexpected. What we see
being set up here is not a contradiction, but a paradox. Jacob
knows that God cannot be seen, or the result is death; but
something has happened that overruled that normal constraint. His reaction presupposes knowledge that God cannot be seen, and so he is aware of the "contradiction," which should give us pause. What happened? Far be it for Jacob to know. But by the time of Exodus,
someone gets a clue about an important distinction...
- Ex. 24:9-11 -- Things are starting to develop here
for our paradox. Once again, it seems that it was expected
that something bad would happen (v. 11); and yet, there seems to be
a sort of surprise that no harm came to the elders. But two factors
now come to the fore. First, the Hebrew word here for see is
chazah -- and has the connotation of gazing at, with mental
perception, or having a vision. The second factor is our key verse:
- Ex. 33:18-23 -- This quote should actually be
started as I have, at verse 18, for it is the keystone verse for my
general "glory" explanation above. Note that Moses asks to see
God's glory (v. 18) -- this word having the meaning of a
radiance. Now recall again the Hebrew idiomatic use of "face" --
and connect this also with the face as the outward reaction
("radiance") of the inner person. And now it becomes clear why we
have explained things as we have: Jacob had not seen God's "face"
in this idiomatic sense; nor had anyone else so far. At the same
time, the Hebrew word here is different: ra'ah. This carries
a simpler connotation of seeing and discerning by sight; or, it carries the idea of "taking heed unto" or considering. It is a general word used almost 1500 times in the OT, and merely establishes awareness without establishing the means whereby awareness is made.
Ra'ah is the word used in our first two Genesis quotes, and
is the next quotes:
- Numbers 14:14 And they will tell it to the inhabitants of this land: for they have heard that thou LORD art among this people, that thou LORD art seen face to face, and that thy cloud standeth over them, and that thou goest before them, by day time in a pillar of a cloud, and in a pillar of fire by night.
- Amos 9:1 -- Now here again, and in Numbers, note that it is
Yahweh who is seen -- not the majestic Elohim.
Admittedly there are a couple of places where Elohim does
appear to people (Gen. 35:9, 2 Chr. 1:7), but several things may be noted about this: 1) the rarity of the usage suggests that this is the result of the known process of
scribes incorrectly substituting the divine name where it should
not be, or else substituting Elohim intentionally as a form of "reverential evasion" associated with a hesitation to pronounce or write the divine name of Yahweh; 2) even without that, there is no indication that what was seen was God's glory, as opposed to some sort
of other manifestation; 3) the general meaning of ra'ah can imply, but does not necessarily indicate, a physical appearance. Without further description of how the matters transpired, it is not possible to affirm that God has been "seen" in a way contrary to our verses above.
- John 1:18 -- With the New Testament, the dichotomy
between seeing Yahweh on the one hand, and not seeing
Elohim on the other, remains. John, in mirroring the
prologue of Genesis, clearly means to equate "God" here with the
majestic Elohim. The Greek word here (and in John 6:46), incidentally, is
horao, and is used in the sense of understanding, as in
Matthew 18:10: "Take heed that ye despise not one of these little ones; for I say unto you, That in heaven their angels do always behold the face of my Father which is in heaven." And then there is this:
- John 14:7 -- I am frankly surprised to see this
verse ever brought up in the discussion. Here "seeing" (also
horao) God is equated with knowing Jesus. One might roughly
equate this with a famous baseball figure saying, "You're looking
at the next Babe Ruth": Recall that in John 10:30, Jesus declares
oneness in essence with the Father. This is not the same as
saying that they are seeing God's literal glory.
- 1 Tim. 6:16 -- And so this cite too is now quite clear.
The One who dwells in unapproachable light (God's radiant glory)
can refer only to the majestic Elohim of the OT. And that
this is so is made more clear by the fact that the word here is
eido -- which, like ra'ah, is a "physical sight" word
(cf. Matt. 2:12).
Our conclusion: As is typical, the objection that asks whether
or not God can be seen rests upon a lack of linguistic and
theological knowledge by skeptics. It is without any grounds
whatsoever.
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